Hemingway, Ernest
(Oak Park, Ill. 1899-1961 Selbstmord, Ketchum, Idaho) : Schriftsteller, Reporter
Subjects
Index of Names : Occident
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Literature : Occident : United States of America
Chronology Entries (41)
| # | Year | Text | Linked Data |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1934 |
Shi, Zhecun. Meiguo xiao shuo zhi cheng zhang [ID D30390]. Zhao show that William Faulkner was a stylist and a rising star. He applaudes Faulkner as a truly native American writer, especially in the use of language : "The dialogues in Black English are the most beautiful part of each of his novels. His narrative technique of combining psychological description with dialogues is more worth noting than that of Sherwood Anderson or Ernest Hemingway. He has broken away from the restrictions of English literature and avoided Joyce's defect of incomprehensibility. As American society is moving towards disintegration, decline, defeat, and chaos, Faulkner has taken the cruelties and miseries of modern society as the subject matter and death as the center of his stories. Faulkner's bitterness, his distress at being unable to find a general solution to all the tragedies, brutalities, and savagery reflects the despair of the modern man who is trying desperately to survive in this crazy world of the 1930s". |
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| 2 | 1940.10.21 |
Letter from Ernest Hemingway to Charles Scribner ; 21 Oct. 1940. All matters are being fixed up so Martha [Gellhorn] and I can get married in November. Her idea of fun after that is to go to the Burma Road. I wish to Christ she had written this book and I was marrying her. But I like everything once it starts so I guess I will like the Burma Road and then will probably want to stay out on the Burma road and Martha will want to go to Keokuk Iowa. |
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| 3 | 1940.12.26 |
Letter from Ernest Hemingway to Hadley Mowrer ; 26 Dec. 1940. Marty [Martha Gellhorn] goes to Manila and Hongkong on Clipper of Jan. 15. I go on Clipper of Feb. 7. Meet her in Hongkong. [The dates changed]. |
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| 4 | 1941 |
Ernest Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn in China. Jeffrey Meyers : The uncomfortable, exhausting and often boring trip to China was a disappointing experience for Ernest Hemingway. He had no real interest in the country and went only to accompany Martha Gellhorn. He had a good time in Hong Kong, did his duty at the tedious official functions and tried to ignore the horrors that made Martha writhe with discomfort. He never actually saw the war – or anything else of extraordinary interest – during this quiescent period in China. He did not feel he knew enough to write fiction about China. After his experience in Spain and China, he believed that the lies, propaganda and censorship necessary in wartime made it almost impossible to be an honorable correspondent. Peter Moreira : Martha Gellhorn interpreted the situation in China as fitting cleanly into the same pattern as the other conflicts she had covered. The evil aggressors were the Japanese and the noble defenders were the Chinese led by Chiang Kai-shek. She wanted to cover this war so her crusading journalism could shed light on the plight of the beleaguered Chinese and bolster American support for what was then known as Free China. Both Hemingway and Gellhorn realized that China under Chiang Kai-shek was not a democracy. |
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| 5 | 1941 |
Gellhorn, Martha. Travels with myself and another [ID D30445]. "He [Ernest Hemingway] learned to speak coolie English, a language related to West African pidgin and Caribbean English, and was seen laughing with waiters and rickshaw coolies and street vendors, all parties evidently enjoying each other. He love Chinese food and would return from feasts with his Chinese crook-type friends searing they'd been served by geisha girls, and describe the menu until I begged him to stop, due to queasiness. He was ready to try anything, including snake wine, the snakes presumably coiled and pickled in the bottom of the jug… He felt that the Hongkong Chinese, given to gambling, rice wine and fire-crackers, had great savoir vivre." |
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| 6 | 1941 |
Ernest Hemingway, acting as correspondent for the newspaper PM [Post Meridian, ed. by Ralph Ingersoll] and Martha Gellhorn, writing for Collier's magazine. Hemingway's mission was to study the strategic, economic and politic situation, see how Chiang Kai-shek's war against Japan was progressing and decide how the war affected American commercial and military interests in the Orient. |
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| 7 | 1941.01.27 |
Letter from Harry Dexter White to Ernest Hemingway ; Jan. 27, 1941. Harry Dexter White and Henry Morgenthau agreed that Hemingway would spy for the U.S. Treasury during his trip in China. They asked Hemingway to gather information on the relationship between the Communists and Guomindang, and on the transportation situation in China and along the Burma Road. Hemingway gave William Langhorne Bond a short letter in Hong Kong for White and Morgenthau, saying that he had little time to study the transportation situation in China and was unsure when he would be returning the United States. |
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| 8 | 1941.02.22 | Ernest Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn fly aboard Pan-Am's China Clipper from Honolulu and arrive in Hong Kong. They checked into the Hong Kong Hotel. They went to Happy Valley to attend the annual meeting of the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club as the guests of Consul General Addison Southard. |
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| 9 | 1941.02.22-03.25 |
Ernest Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn in Hong Kong. They lived in the Hong Kong Hotel and moved later to the Repulse Bay Hotel. He met Morris Cohen, Addison E. Southard, Lauchlin Currie, William Langhorne Bond, Emily Hahn, Ramon Lavalle, Carl Blum [Manager U.S. Rupper Co.], Rewi Alley, Charles Boxer, Soong May-ling, Soong Ai-ling, Soong Ching-ling [Song Qingling]. |
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| 10 | 1941.02.23-24 |
Ernest Hemingway granted interview to reporters from the South China Morning Post and the Hong Kong Daily Press for their Monday editions. South China Morning Post "He is a good boxer, fine marksman and an excellent soldier. One of America's greatest living writers, Hemingway has already on his first visit to China made a host of friends. Every one who has met him has been impressed by the force of his personality and unaffected charm of manner. His wife [Martha Gellhorn], too, also a brilliant and competent journalist, has already become popular. She intends leaving for the interior of China soon on a special assignment." |
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| 11 | 1941.02.25-27 | Martha Gellhorn leaves Hong Kong for a scouting mission by plane with pilot Royal Leonard. They flew to Chongqing, Kunming, after 16 hours landed at Lashio, where Gellhorn spent the night. They returned up the Burma Road to Kunming, where the Japanese kept bombing. They flew back to Hong Kong, stopped in Chongqing to pick up Lauchlin Currie. Ernest Hemingway stay at Hong Kong. |
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| 12 | 1941.03.01 | Ernest Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn had dinner with Lauchlin Currie. |
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| 13 | 1941.03 |
Hahn, Emily. [Besuch bei Ernest Hemingway in Hong Kong]. [Interview with Arthur Gomes ; Oct. 4 (1995).] "When the Hemingways were in Hong Kong I was very pregnant indeed with Charles' [Boxer] daughter [Carola Militia Boxer]. We were not married, as he had a wife sitting out the war in Singapore… I was pretty much of a scandal in the community, walking down Des Voeux Road, and Ernest was sitting in front of the Hong Kong Hotel, now deceased, drinking a Bloody Mary (which he introduced to the colony). He asked me to join him. They had been at may place the evening before. I joined him, and in the middle of a sentence he suddenly said, "What's going to happen to Charles about this baby ? Won't they kick him out of the army ? " "No", I said. "They daren't, because he's the only man they have who can speak Japanese". He looked doubtful. "Tell you what", he said. "You can tell 'em it's mine"." |
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| 14 | 1941.03.08 |
Hemingway may fly here from the East. In : The Mail ; 8 March (1941). From a Honolulu correspondent. Ernest Hemingway, famed American author and war correspondent, has left here by clipper to cover developments in the Orient for "PM," New York's tabloid newspaper. HEMINGWAY intends to cover China and then to swing down through Indo-China, Burma, Thailand, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies. Asked if he planned a visit to Australia, and told about air connections from the Indies to Australia, he said: "It might be a swell idea if I go to Australia. I hear the Aussies are going to town about the war." Perhaps Australian sources may be able to arrange facilities for Hemingway to visit Australia: he is about the widest read American reporter. The famous author is accompanied by his new wife, Martha Gellhorn, who also is a reporter. She works for "Collier's Magazine," and covered the Norway campaign, also Spain. Australians would enjoy the Hemingways. She is a lively blonde and shares every outdoor activity with her husband. He is a tall 200-pounder, with a heavy face and black moustache, a crack all-round athlete. He is pains-taking in his writing, enormously patient— as his latest book, "For Whom the Bell Tolls," proves. Hemingway is going to the Far East on the hunch, as he put it, that there may be serious trouble between Chungking and the Communist forces, which hitherto have been co-operating against Japan's aggression in China. Sold 600,000 Copies Japanese agents, he has been in formed, are spending large sums in fomenting the trouble. Japan warns to split the China forces. But there are British, American, and Russian agents at work behind the scenes, too. These agents want to use China to keep Japan's hands full. They have promised China that aid will not only be continued, but increased. Hemingway spent years in Spain, and the despatches he sent from there, and the books he wrote, are world-famous. "For Whom the Bell Tolls," set in Spain, already has sold more than 600,000 copies in U.S.A. Commenting on the Italian as a fighter—and this opinion will interest Australians—Hemingway said: "The Italian soldier is a good fighter if he is well officered—but he's never well officered." |
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| 15 | 1941.03.08 |
Letter from Martha Gellhorn to Alexander Woollcott. Hong Kong is 'awful jolly'. Ernest [Hemingway] goes about really learning something about the country and I go about dazed and open mouthed. |
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| 16 | 1941.03.09 |
James, Rex. Incidentally… In : Hong Kong Sunday Herald ; March 9 (1941). After "years of slick, slight novels and brilliant pointless short stories", Ernest Hemingway discovered politics while in Spain and finally has something to believe in. Since that time Hemingway's writing has been on the rise. "For politics has given his writing the intellectuality he had deliberately excluded and his plot the necessary objective interest which studies of punch drunk boxers and stoic matadors failed to provide. He may become a really great writer." |
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| 17 | 1941.03.25-04.05 |
[Ernest Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn travel in China]. Ernest Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn leave Hong Kong by plane into the Guangdong province. They had flown over Japanese lines, made a landing in Nanxiong (Guangdong) and arrive in Shaoguan (Guangdong). They had worked with Guomingdang officials in Hong Kong in planning the voyage, and the government made sure they were escorted and provided with hospitality. Two Guomindang officers were Mr. Ma [Xia Jixong], a political officer and translater and Mr. Ho, the transport officer. March 26 they had an appointment to meet Guomingdang General Yu Hanmou (1896–1981) and several officers from his staff. He gave them a permission to visit the front as soon as transportation could be arranged. On March 28 they travel south down the North River [Bei jiang] to Shaoguan (Guangdong), by boat, then ride horses to the front, where they were to witness Chinese troops fighting the Japanese. A group of soaked soldiers was awaiting them. This was their first glimpse of rural China. The group spent the night at the divisional headquarters. They visited a local monastery and dined with the governor of the province. March 28, Ernest Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn leave Shaoguan (Guangdong) and arrive on April 4 in Guilin, where they booked into the Palace Hotel. Hemingway visited the caves in the mountains. He said that one day he hoped to visit the Great Wall of China. |
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| 18 | 1941.03.25.04.05 |
Gellhorn, Martha. The face of war [D30443]. [Betr. auch Ernest Hemingway]. I wanted to see the Orient before I died ; and the Orient was across the world from what I loved and feared for. Journalism now turned into an escape route. My assignment was to report on the defenses of Hong Kong, Singapore and the Dutch East Indies, take a look at the Burma Road, and find out how the Sino-Japanese War was getting on. There was a severe censorship in China, but I was more troubled by an interior censorship, which made it possible for me to write properly. I had been included, twice, in luncheon parties given by the Chiangs [Chiang Kai-shek, Soong May-ling]. They struck me as the two most determined people I had met in my life. The Army is constantly studying from experience and making profit out of mistakes. The building and grounds of the Army are the cleanest and best cared for we have seen in China. What this Army lacks in equ9ipment, it tries to make up in training and organization. The discipline is Prussian in its sternness and efficiency and the result is an Army of five million men which has no shoes but has a sound knowledge of how to fight. When we dismounted at the first divisional headquarters, we were greeted by posters in English : "Welcome to the Representatives of Righteousness and Peace, Consolidate All Democracy Nations We Will Resist until Final Victory, Democracy Only survives Civilization". The General said, was that if America would send planes, arms and money, China could defeat Japan alone. By a persistent campaign of frightfulness in captures villages and cities, the Japanese have roused this almost too long-suffering, reasonable, pacific ract to fierce hate. There is no talk of compromise or peace among the Chinese fighting forces. A Chinese soldier gets one thousand national dollars for any Japanese prisoner captured alive. Despite this huge sum of money, the soldiers shoot any Japanese troops they can lay hands on, as an immediate personal vengeance for the misery of people like themselves in villages like their own homes. After nine hours riding, and no food or water, I was fairly tired, but not so the Chinese. They accept calmly anything that happens : hunger, fatigue, cold, thirst, pain or danger. They are the toughest people imaginable, as no doubt the Japanese realize. The Japanese can never conquer China by force. And time does not matter in China. Four years of war is a long time. But perhaps if your history goes back four thousand years it does not seem so long. The Chinese are born patient, and they learn endurance when they start to breathe. |
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| 19 | 1941.04.06-04.15 |
Ernest Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn fly to Chongqing. They live in Song Ziwen's house Whatchumcallit . Hemingway met Theodore H. White, had a meeting with Chinese generals and a session with He Yingqing and Zhou Enlai. He met William Lederer. Hemingway later admit to Harry Dexter White and Henry Morgenthau that life in Chongqing was extremely difficult and unpleasant. April 9, Hemingway and Gellhorn meet Ambassador Nelson Trusler Johnson in Chongqing. April 10, Hemingway flies to Chengdu (Sichuan), Martha Gellhorn remained in Chongqing. April 11, Hemingway sees the construction of the airfield of Chengdu (Sichuan). He visited a Chinese military academy, watched workers who build an airfield and met professors at Chengdu University. April 12, Hemingway returns to Chongqing. April 14, Hemingway and Gellhorn have lunch with Chiang Kaishek and Soong May-ling and a banquet at Jialin Hotel. They discussed military, political and economic affairs and the relations with the Communists. April 15, Hemingway and Gellhorn have their second interview with Soong May-ling. |
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| 20 | 1941.04.15 | Ernest Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn left Chongqing, flew to Kunming and over the Burma Road to Lashio (Burma). Tey spend the night in the CNAC Inn in Lashio. From Lashio they drove by car to Mandalay and for a week by train to Rangoon. |
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| 21 | 1941.04.28 |
Ernest Hemingway flies to Hong Kong. He stayed at the Peninsula Hotel. He met Charles Boxer, Ramon Lavalle and James Roosevelt.. Martha Gellhorn went to Singapore, the Dutch East Indies, Batavia and Bandoeng. |
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| 22 | 1941.04.29 |
Letter from Ernest Hemingway to Maxwell Perkins ; Hong Kong, 29 April. I was glad to get your letters of April 4th and April 11th when flew in here from Rangoon last night. The last leg of the trip from Kunming (Yunnanfu) to here was pretty bad and when we got over Hongkong the statig was so bad the telefunken would not work and with a 200 foot ceiling we circled for nearly an hour before we could get down through. Have flown 18,000 some miles since I saw you last and have about 12,000 more to fly before see you again. Wish I was paid by the mile instead of by the word. I had a wire from Charley, two in fact, in answer to one I sent him from Chungking asking about the sale and another I sent saying I was not happy of having no word from any of you nor not too happy about the sale or lack of it. |
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| 23 | 1941.05.06 | Ernest Hemingway leaves Hong Kong and fly to Manila, where he spent five nights. He attended a banquet by the Philippines Writers Association. |
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| 24 | 1941.05.14 | Ernest Hemingway fly from Manila to Guam. |
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| 25 | 1941.05.16 | Zhou Enlai telegraphed Liao Chengzhi and Mao Zedong in Yanan from Chongqing. Chou said : "According to our conversation with Ernest Hemingway, we still have a lot of room to maneuver diplomatically. We suggest adding several people in Hong Kong to coordinate our activities, and the objectives and guidelines in Hong Kong have to be the same as in Chongqing." |
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| 26 | 1941.05.17 ca. | Ernest Hemingway returns to San Francisco. |
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| 27 | 1941.06.09 |
Hemingway interviewed by Ralph Ingersoll. In : PM ; June 9 (1941). This interview with Ernest Hemingway was recorded in his hotel apartment a few days after he returned to New York from the Far East in 1941. Mr. Ingersoll, the editor of the now defunct newspaper PM, had commissioned Hemingway to go to the Far East to see for himself whether or not war with Japan was inevitable. This interview served as an introduction to Hemingway's series of articles. It was corrected and revised by Hemingway after having been transcribed and hence might be called an authenticated interview. Ernest Hemingway left for China in January. He had never been in the Orient before. He went to see for himself—how Chiang Kai-shek's war against Japan was going; how much truth there was to the reports that the Chinese position was menaced by threat of civil war; what would be the effect of the then imminent Russo-Japanese pact and—most important of all—what was our own position in the Orient. What was our position both as a leading anti-Fascist power and as a nation of 130,000,000 people with vital trade interests in other parts of the world—or were they vital?—and if they were vital, were they menaced? Hemingway wanted to find out for himself, and for you and for me, what pattern of events might lead us into war with Japan—what alternate sequence of circumstances might possibly keep Japan in her place in the Pacific without us having to fight her. Most people know Ernest Hemingway as America's No. 1 novelist. His reputation as a novelist is so great in fact that it overshadows two other reputations, either one of which gives him international recognition. Long before he was a novelist, Ernest Hemingway was a noted war correspondent. He covered the fighting in the Mediterranean in the last war, the whole of the Spanish war—in which the present war was fought in miniature. Of sufficient stature to be distinct from his reputation as a war correspondent is his reputation as a military expert. He is a student of war in its totality—everything about war, from machine gun emplacements to tactics and maneuvers to civilian morale and industrial organization for war. These things he has studied for 20 years. So when Ernest Hemingway went to China he went as no casual visitor but as a student and an expert—he went with a reputation which made it possible for him to visit fronts that had not been visited by foreign journalists until now, and to talk with people who are running the war in the Orient on a unique basis. When Ernest Hemingway went to the Orient, PM made this agreement with him: that if action broke out he was to remain there and cover the war by cable, but if no action broke out, he was to make notes as he went but not to write until he finished his study—until all the returns were in and he had time and the perspective to analyze everything he had seen and heard, and render a report of more lasting value than day-to-day correspondence. This is the report that will be published here beginning tomorrow. In the meantime, I have talked with Mr. Hemingway about his trip. Here is where he went and what he did and what he saw—the background from which his report is drawn: Ernest Hemingway went to China with his wife, Martha Gellhorn. Mrs. Hemingway carried credentials as correspondent for Collier's, where her articles have already begun appearing. The two flew to Hong Kong by Pan American Clipper. Hemingway stayed a month in Hong Kong, where he could talk not only with the Chinese but with their opposition. The Japanese come in and out of Hong Kong quite freely—in fact, they celebrated the Emperor's birthday in their frock coats and with a formal toast. The British naval and military intelligence is there—and our own naval and military intelligence. The local Communist opposition is there and so are the Chinese pacifists who play Japan's game. We asked Hemingway what it was like in Hong Kong. He said that danger had hung over the place so long it had become absolutely commonplace. People had completely adjusted them¬selves to the tension. He said that the city was very gay. The stabilizing element in any British colony are the British womenfolk, who keep life on a formal basis. But they had been evacuated and in general morale was high and morals low. "There are at least 500 Chinese millionaires living in Hong Kong—too much war in the interior, too much terrorism in Shanghai to suit a millionaire. The presence of the 500 millionaires has brought about another concentration—of beautiful girls from all parts of China. The 500 millionaires own them all. The situation among the less beautiful girls is very bad because it is the British position that prostitution does not exist there, and therefore its control is no problem. This leaves about 50,0 prostitutes in Hong Kong. Their swarming over the streets at night is a war-time characteristic. How many troops there are in Hong Kong is, of course, a military secret. Hemingway knows the exact number. That is the type of censorship PM does not try to beat. But Hemingway reports Hong Kong is "excellently defended." "In case of attack Hong Kong's problem would-be food. There are 1,500,000 people there now and they would have to be fed." He continued: "Even more serious would be the sewage disposal problem—for in Hong Kong there are neither flush toilets nor drains. Sewage is disposed of by night soil coolies who collect and sell it to farmers. In case of a blackout sewage will be dumped in the streets and a cholera epidemic would be inevitable. This is known because two nights of practice blackout did produce a cholera epidemic. "At present, however," Hemingway continued, "the food is plentiful and good, and there are some of the finest restaurants in the world in Hong Kong—both European and Chinese. There's also horse racing, cricket, rugby, association football." After Hemingway had been in Hong Kong a month, he and Mrs. Hemingway flew to NamYung by Chinese air line. This flight took him over the Japanese lines. From NamYung, the Hemingways drove to Shaikwan, headquarters of the 7th War Zone. The Chinese front is divided into eight war zones. Hemingway chose the 7th because he "wanted to make an intensive study of what a typical Chinese war zone was like, and the 7th has, ultimately, the greatest offensive potentiality." Here he studied the complete organization of a Chinese war zone from headquarters through the army corps, divisions, brigades, regiments and down to the forward echelons. The army Hemingway visited is a Kuomintang army. That is, it is part of the regular Chinese Army and not part of the Chinese Communist Army. The Chinese Communist armies have welcomed journalists and there has been much written about them. But this is the first time an American journalist has done extensive work at the front with the regular Chinese Army. We asked Hemingway about this situation. He said: "There are 300 divisions in the Chinese Army, 200 of which are first-class divisions and 100 secondary divisions. There are 10,0 regular troops in each division. Out of these 300 divisions three are Communist divisions. The area that the Communist divisions hold is an extremely important one and they have done marvelous fighting. But the 297 other divisions, occupying about the same amount of terrain per division, have not been visited at all before. Whereas the Communists have welcomed correspondents, there has been very strict censorship on the regular Chinese Army. Passes have been impossible to get, and correspondents have not been allowed into the forward echelons at all." Hemingway said he went to see the regular Chinese Army because the Communist troops have already been excellently described by people like Edgar Snow, Agnes Smedley and others. News of the Kuomintang army is important not simply because it has received no publicity but because the Kuomintang comprises the bulk of the troops on which we, in America, must depend to keep the Japanese divisions occupied in China while we are preparing to defend the Pacific. Hemingway spent a month at the front, living with the troops, going everywhere with them. He traveled down the river by sampan first, then on horseback, and finally on foot. There were 12 days during a wet spell when he and Mrs. Hemingway never had dry clothes to put on. They also discovered such delicacies as snake wine and bird wine. Hemingway described snake wine as "a special rice wine with a number of small snakes coiled up at the bottom of the bottle. The snakes are dead," he said. "They are there for medicinal purposes. Bird wine is also rice wine, but at the bottom of its bottle there are several dead cuckoos." Hemingway liked the snake wine better. He says it cures falling hair and he is going to have some bottled for his friends. After a month at the front, the Hemingways went back overland by sampan, car and train to Kweilin. This trip had not been planned, but everywhere they had gone for two months they had been told Kweilin was the most beautiful place in China. And they reported that it is the most beautiful place they saw. "There are thousands of miniature mountains there which look like a huge mountain range but are only 300 feet high. Many of the lovely imaginative scenes you see in Chinese prints and paintings, and think are made up out of an artist's imagination, are really almost photographic likenesses of Kweilin. There is also a famous cave there which is now used for an air raid shelter. It holds 30,000 people." To get from there to Chungking they arranged to be picked up by a freight plane which was carrying bank notes to the capital. The plane was a Douglas DC-3—kind that flies on most of our air lines here—-and all the other seats were occupied by shipments of bank notes. All the air lines in China are owned by a company called the CNAC, or China National Aviation Corp. The Chinese Government owns 51 per cent and our own Pan American Airways owns 49 per cent and does the operating. Hemingway said: "They used DC-i's and 3's and old Condor biplanes which can only fly on short hauls where the mountains are under 7000 feet high. There are passenger flights from Hong Kong to Chungking three times a week, for instance. But the idea of buying tickets on them is an academic one—for the waiting list is months long and only priority counts." When it did not look as if the priority was coming through in time, Hemingway chartered a Vultee single-motored low-wing monoplane. But then the priority came through. By the time the Hemingways got to Chungking they had learned a good deal about China. They spent some time with Chiang Kai-shek and in an all-afternoon interview, Mme. Chiang Kai-shek did the interpreting. But Hemingway reports that when the talk was on military subjects the Generalissimo understood military terms in English. He saw and got to know China's Minister of Finance, Dr. Kung, the Minister of Education, the Minister of Communications, the Minister of War, as well as various generals and the General Staff. "Chungking," he reports, "had not been bombed seriously from August 25 until May 3—there is no bombing in Chungking during the winter because of low visibility." He found the hotels in Chungking excellent—the food plentiful and the water hot. Everywhere he went in China, in fact, he found food sold without restrictions—even in the villages. At no time, he reports, did he see any of the signs you see when the war is being lost for lack of food. At no time did he see anything like the conditions he saw in Spain. "But," he said, "the food in China is expensive. Moreover, China is such a huge country that there are sections where the food situation gets bad locally—when due to a local drought a crop has failed. And communications are so bad that it is difficult to ship in food from other parts of the country. Such a condition prevails at present in South Shansi province and in other parts of the northern provinces. On the whole, the food situation this year is very good." We asked Hemingway what people meant when they came back and said the economic situation in China was "very bad." He said: "When people come into China from America and see signs of a monetary inflation there, they think everything is going to pot, whereas the situation is actually very good, considering China is in the fourth year of war. The inflation there is no worse than occurs in any other country that fights for four years. In the fourth year of the last war no European country was in better shape." He felt that "China has to make some radical currency reforms—but principally to prevent the Japanese from buying up their money. The Japanese sell their own money short and buy Chinese money—now that America is backing China's money," he said. "I don't think this will be hard to control. My personal opinion is that eventually China will have to adjust its currency on a rice standard. Rice is the gold of China and only a currency based on a rice standard will prevent the kind of inflation in which people are not able to buy food." The first time the Hemingways were in Chungking they stayed about eight days, constantly talking with people. Hemingway dined, lunched and breakfasted with Government people. At the end of the eight days he flew up to Chengtu to visit the Chinese military academy—where Chiang Kai-shek trains his officers and cadets. And he inspected the flying schools and the new airdromes that are being constructed in this district. Here again, as a guest of the military academy, he had an opportunity to study the whole Chinese military system. "The military academy," he said, "is in full swing. It was set up by the German General Alexander Von Faulkenhausen, and its professors are German-trained Chinese." Hemingway flew back from the Chinese West Point to Chungking and then took another plane south over the Burma Road. He saw the trucks passing up and down the road. We asked him whether reports that the Road was all banged up were true. He said: "Some of the bridges were out, but the Chinese have a very efficient ferry system to replace them. The Road is being bombed regularly—Kunming practically every day—but the bombing of bridges is not effective, partly because of the ferries and partly because they rebuild the bridges so quickly." Hemingway said: "The control organization of the China section of the Burma Road is now in the charge of a committee which includes Dr. Harry Baker, formerly head of the American Red Cross in China. If Dr. Baker is not hamstrung by his fellow committee members he will be able to put through many traffic reforms." From Lashio, which, you will see by the map, is far up on the Burma Road route, Hemingway went to Mandalay by car and then down to Rangoon by train. All along this route he studied the Burma Road problem, and gave us this picture of it: "The first part of the problem is getting materials from the coast up to the beginning of the Road. Here there are two methods of transportation available. One is via the Burma railway, the other is via the river. So far most of the material has gone up over the railway which is Burmese owned and very jealous of river traffic. The river traffic is transported by an organization called the Irrawaddy Flotilla, which belongs to a Scottish-owned company. "The Irrawaddy is navigable as far as Bhamo. You should look at the map here because Bhamo is becoming very important. At Bhamo a connecting road is being completed through to the Burma Road. You will see that not only does it cut off a good part of the Burma Road—and a difficult and mountainous part—but it permits goods to be transported up from the coast all the way by river. In effect this new route—from Rangoon to Bhamo by water and from Bhamo by short cut to well up on the Burma Road—constitutes a cut-off which is almost impossible for the Japanese to damage. "The old route," he continued, "by rail from Lashio to Kun¬ming, remains available, and shippers can also use the river up from Rangoon to Mandalay to Lashio. "This makes two ways in. "A third way," he went on, "is now being developed. This way uses first water and then rail to a place called Myitkyina— pronounced Michina—which, if you are interested in the Burma Road problem, you should locate for yourself on the map. Because you will see that by using Myitkyina as a railhead, a 200- mile air shuttle service from Myitkyina to Tali cuts off 509 miles of the Burma Road and leaves only 197 miles to travel to Kunming. "This 197 miles—from Tali to Kunming—is downhill and there are no bridges and gorges which the Japanese can turn into bottlenecks by bombing. On a 200-mile hop the freight planes will not have to refuel in China at all. "Thus," Hemingway explained, "the Chinese have what amounts to three alternate routes of supply from the south, not counting the constant bootlegging of supplies in from the whole China Coast." Hemingway studied this traffic and says it is of enormous extent. He does not write about it in detail because he does not want to give information to the Japanese. Now, remembering that the overland route into Russia is still open and that the Chinese are still getting supplies from Russia—as Hemingway explains in one of his articles—one realizes for the first time just what an enormous problem the Japanese have in interrupting Chinese communications. "If the Japanese interruptions on the Road were as one, the interruptions due to inefficiency, graft and red tape would be as five. That is, take the whole route from Rangoon into Chungking—inefficiency, graft and red tape cause five times as much trouble as Japanese bombings. This is the problem which Dr. Baker has to solve." We were startled by this figure and asked Hemingway to tell us more about it. He said: "All projects in China move very quickly until money is involved. The Chinese have been doing business for many centuries and when things are a business matter to them they move very slowly. The Generalissimo can order something done— something in which money doesn't enter—and it is done practically, immediately. But the minute it becomes a financial thing it slows right up. No one person is responsible for this. It is the age-old Chinese custom of squeeze. "There have been cases of truck drivers selling their gasoline, which they were hauling over the Burma Road, to private concerns. There have been cases of dumping whole loads to carry passengers. I saw with my own eyes tires being thrown off trucks loaded with them—evidently to be picked up by confederates later. "There's no efficient policing of the Road. Of course every load should be checked as it goes in, and all the way through, and as it comes out. That is what Dr. Baker's Commission has to fix. After they opened the Road things ran wild for a while. Some people, operating transportation companies from outside of China, had no efficient control of their organizations on the Road. Now the Generalissimo realizes the importance of this. Something is being done about it." Hemingway told us that the situation in Burma doesn't make things any better. He said: "Burma is a land of complete and utter red tape. Everything there is slowed up as much as it can be. If a military attaché comes to Rangoon to get a load of food to take back up to Kunming, it takes him two days in Rangoon just to clear through red tape. It is worse than France was before the fall. It is entirely administered by the Burmese, who combine the worst features of the Hindu Babu and the French prefall functionary. On the other hand, the British in Burma, not the Burmese, were efficient and uniformly helpful. Censorship was realistic and intelligent." We asked Hemingway what it was like visiting romantic-sounding places like Mandalay and Rangoon. He said Rangoon was an English colonial city, "96 degrees at night and 103 degrees in the day, in the hot months when we were there. The flying fish were not playing. Kipling was talking about a place further down—Moulmein, below Rangoon, near the mouth of the river." Hemingway went all the way down to Rangoon and stayed there for about a week. Then he flew back via Lashio and Kunming to Hong Kong and stayed there again for a week before leaving for America. Mrs. Hemingway continued on to Batavia and the Dutch East Indies while Hemingway worked between Clippers in Manila. She rejoined him on the next Clipper. As this is being written Mr. Hemingway is completing his last piece for PM. We asked him a few final questions: What about the Chinese arsenals? If, by any mischance, the supply routes were cut, could they go on fighting? He said: "I visited arsenals near Chungking and saw that they were manufacturing small arms and small arms ammunition, and were very self-sufficient. Moreover, much material can come right through Japanese lines. The guerrillas had been running trucks through the Japanese lines by completely dismantling them—into the smallest possible pieces—and carrying them by hand. An American motor company representative in Hong Kong was delivering trucks through the Japanese lines to Free China making a $450 service charge for delivery." Hemingway has more news of the latest developments in guerrilla fighting. News from the Orient has been confusing and contradictory to most people. Russia supposedly offers the hand of friendship to Japan—and at the same time continues to ship supplies to China. America gives China a $100,000,000 credit—and at the same time sells oil to China's enemy. What's it all about? Hemingway told us. He traced for us the probable consequences of each move we were making, and each Japanese move. He showed us how Russia was playing a devious hand in this gigantic game of Chinese checkers which anybody might win. Must America fight Japan? Hemingway told us why it's a matter of timing. As far as America is concerned, time itself is fighting on our side. As for Japan, time is running out on her —and no one, not even the Japanese, knows when the last strategic moment will have come. Or whether she should extricate herself from China at any price before challenging us. If Britain should fall it would be the signal for Japan aggressively to pursue her conquests in new directions. And this may well mean war with the U.S.A. If England grows stronger and America is able to keep the fleet in the Pacific, war between the United States and Japan may never occur. And further, Hemingway tells us, we may thus beat Japan without ever firing a gun. No one interview such as this, however—no one article—can give you the full impact, can piece together the complete pattern of this tremendously significant picture. SM |
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| 28 | 1941.06.10 |
Hemingway, Ernest. Russo-Japanese pact. In : PM ; June 10 (1941). HONG KONG.—On the day the Japanese-Soviet neutrality pact was signed in Moscow, Dr. H. H. Kung, who is both Prime Minister and Minister of Finance for his brother-in-law, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, was dining with Soviet Ambassador Paniushkin in Chungking. "We hear that a pact is going to be signed," the Chinese statesman said. "Yes," the Soviet Ambassador answered. "That is true." "What will be the effect of such a pact on Russian aid to China?" "None," answered the Soviet Ambassador. "Will you withdraw any troops from the Manchukuo frontier?" "We will reinforce our divisions there," the Soviet Ambassador said, and the head of the Soviet military advisers in China, a Lieutenant General, nodded agreement. At the time that incident happened I did not care to write it because diplomats rarely impart bad news over the dinner table and it was possible that very different news might come out of Moscow. But since then I have heard directly from both Dr. Kung and Mme. Chiang Kai-shek that Russian aid is continuing to arrive and that no Soviet staff officers, aviation instructors, or military advisers have been withdrawn from the Generalissimo's army. My wife and I had lunched with Mme. Chiang Kai-shek the day the pact was announced and during the conversation she said, "But how will we know whether they will really withdraw aid or not?" "If they are going to withdraw aid," I told her, remembering how it had happened in Spain, "the first move will be to withdraw the military advisers, the instructors and the staff officers. As long as they stay on, it means the aid will continue." Last week a letter from Mme. Chiang Kai-shek contained these three paragraphs: "I am fulfilling my promise to inform you of the Generalissimo's reaction to the neutrality pact between the USSR and Japan. "The Generalissimo declares that this pact will not have the slightest effect on China's determination to continue national resistance. We began it single-handedly and if necessary, we shall end it the same way. What other nations, friendly or otherwise, may or may not do, will not influence. We will fight on until victory is won. Outer Mongolia and Manchuria are parts of China and the people of these regions themselves feel that they are indissolubly linked with the National Government, which recognizes no alienation of territory, and does not intend to, whatever happens. "So far there is no indication that the USSR will withdraw its advisers from China, or will cease supplying us with war materials." Soviet Russia has given China more aid than any other country has supplied. She has provided planes, pilots, trucks, some artillery, gasoline, military instructors and staff officers who act as military advisers. She has lent Chiang Kai-shek's government something over the equivalent of 200,000,000 U.S. dollars. Most of this huge loan was attained on a barter basis and has been repaid in tea, wolfram (tungsten ore) and other products. The Russians drove a hard bargain when the barter terms were made and at present the Chinese have a difficult time buying the tea at prices agreed on with Russia. But they are still making deliveries. Feeling between Chinese Communists and the Central Government is so bitter on both sides that I was amazed at first to find Soviet staff officers still serving in an advisory capacity with Chiang Kai-shek's armies and Soviet aid to China still coming in steadily. While I was at the front with Chinese Central Army troops I encountered Soviet staff officers and I saw new Russian planes which had come in; both bombardment and pursuit. In the officers’ club where I lived at Chengtu in Northern Szechwan Province the room numbers on all the rooms were in Russian and various delicacies we had for breakfasts, including cocoa and tinned butter, had come by way of Vladivostok and Chita. This Vladivostok route was using the Trans-Siberian Railroad to haul freight to Chita. From Chita to Urga, all transport was by truck and bus. From Urga to Ninghsia, camel caravans carried the freight to the Chinese roadhead where it was loaded onto trucks again for the haul to Chungking and Chengtu. No visitors are allowed to see the Russian military advisers, instructors and pilot instructors, but I had run into three Russian staff officers out at the front on an impassable muddy road where all transport was stalled. So I greeted one of them whom I knew with, "How are you doing, Tovarich?" It was evidently decided after that encounter that there was very little point in concealing from me the Russians' presence and from then on the subject was always discussed very frankly. Consequently, I had a good chance to compare the Chinese field staff and general officers' opinions on the various foreign military advisers they had fought under. Almost unanimously they ranked the Germans first as soldiers and staff officers and the Russians second. Their complaint against the Russians was that they rarely worked out any offen¬sive action on a large or small scale in sufficient force. To simplify the explanation to the utmost, using men in terms of money: if a position was purchasable for 50 cents, the Russians would try to take it for a dime. They would fail at that and finally have to pay $1.15 for it because there no longer was any element of surprise. On the other hand, if a position was worth 50 cents, the Germans would smack it with $1.50. After it was taken you would often find that only a quarter out of the $1.50 had been spent. Chinese generals, if they are convinced that you know what you are talking about, are extraordinarily frank, straight talking, intelligent and articulate. I have spent some time on various British maneuvers. The atmosphere at the Chinese front with the men who had fought the war lords for five years, the Com- mupists for 10 and the Japanese for nearly four was as different from that of a Britisfi staff as the locker room of the Green Bay Packers professional football team would be from even such a good prep school as Choate. One Chinese general asked me what the British in Hong Kong thought of them. We were a couple of days riding together after the opening formal politenesses. We had drunk numerous cups of rice wine and worked late over the map. "Does the General really want to know what they said?" "Yes, truly." "The General will not be offended?" "Of course not." "Well, we don't think very much of the Chinese, you know." I tried to reproduce it. "Johnny's all right and a very good fellow and all that. But he's absolutely hopeless on the offensive, you know. We have absolutely no confidence in him ever taking the offensive. Truly none. No. Too bad. We can't count on Johnny." "Johnny?" asked the General. "John Chinaman," I said. "Very interesting," the General said. "Very interesting." Then he went on, "We have no artillery to speak of, you know. No planes. Or very few. You know that, of course. Do you think the British would go on the offensive without artillery or aerial support anywhere? Any time? "No," he interrupted me. "Let me tell you a Chinese story. A new Chinese story. Not an old Chinese story. Do you know why the British staff officer wears a single glass in his eye?" "No," I said. "Ho," he said. "It is a very new Chinese story. He wears a single glass in his eye so he will not see more than he can understand. "I will tell that officer when I see him," I said. "Very good," he said. "Tell him it is a little message from Johnny." |
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| 29 | 1941.06.13 |
Hemingway, Ernest. Japan must conquer China. In : PM ; June 13 (1941). Rangoon.—The U.S.A. and Great Britain, if they are to protect their rubber, tungsten, tin, and other war essentials, must first decide at what point they will oppose Japan's southern move. Already Japan has moved bodily into Indo-China and penetrated politically into Thailand on her way to Singapore. But there is no oil in those countries. The first oil that Japan can reach by sea, without attacking the main British and Dutch defenses in Singapore, Sumatra and Java, is in Borneo. It is likely that she will try everything short of war to get this oil at Tarakan and Balikpapan from the Dutch. No one knows yet what she will offer. But when Japan goes south for oil is the moment the U.S.A. and Great Britain will have to oppose her if they are to avoid another Munich where Germany was given everything in Czechoslovakia she needed to overrun the Low Countries and France. Japan without iron and oil—her only oil supply of her own is from Sakhalin Island which she shares with Russia—is as vulnerable, economically, as Italy. Deprived of oil she cannot fight longer than a year. But if she reaches oil in Borneo and controls the iron of the Philippines she will be reinforced to a much greater degree than Germany was by the gift of Czechoslovakia. The longer the U.S.A. is allowed to rearm, to fortify Dutch Harbor in Alaska, to fortify Midway, Wake and Guam Islands to provide air bases for the great bombers that will then be able to fly the Clipper routes to objectives in the Pacific, the more does Japan’s southern move become increasingly perilous. Last year it was perfectly possible for Japan to move to oil and to control of the world's rubber supply. Last year was when Japan had her great chance to become a world power by attacking Malaya before its defenses were organized. This year, with the Empire and Dutch defenses organized, it would be gravely dangerous for Japan to try to go south. In another two years when our own preparations are completed Japan can be absolutely destroyed if she tries it. Japan could not move southward when it was easy, because out of the 52 divisions of her Army 37 were engaged in China, nine were in Manchuria and Korea, and only six available in Japan, Formosa, Hainan Island, and Hanoi in French Indo-China. Japan had her opportunity to move south against the unprepared British and Dutch, but her good troops were tied up in her invasion of China and her very best troops were facing the Russians in Manchuria. Now Japan has made a neutrality pact with Soviet Russia which presumably should free her divisions in Manchuria for a southern move. But does it? It is to the interest of Russia to see Japan move south and get smacked. Soviet Russia knows, though, that the longer Japan puts off that move the more certain she is to get smacked. . . . It does not look as though she would send Japan south now in a hurry. The only way for Japan to move south now is to conquer China, make a peace with China or have a true working agreement with Russia. Without one of these Japan must wait and prepare in order to be able to take advantage of the confused situation that might arise if Germany ever successfully invaded England. Japan is making definite preparations for a southern move. Which of the things that are necessary for her to move south does she count on? Can she count on any of them? |
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| 30 | 1941.06.15 |
Hemingway, Ernest. U.S. aid to China. In : PM ; June 15 (1941). Rangoon.—1 here are two things you tan count on in the present Far East setup. By the present I mean as of this spring and early summer with England holding out. First: Japan has temporarily lost her chance of making a peace with China. Last year there was a big peace drive on in Chungking. It reached its high point in December. But the aid China believes she will receive from America has put off the pro-peace movement temporarily. Second: The U.S.A. can count on holding 37 of the 52 divisions of the Japanese Army in China for six to 10 months for a little less than the price of a battleship. That is to say that for $70,000,000 to $100,000,000 the Chinese Army will keep that many Japanese troops tied up. At the end of six to 10 months, if past performances mean anything, the U.S.A. will have to provide about the price of another battleship to keep the Japanese tied up in China for another equal period. In the meantime the U.S.A. is arming. Insurance against having to fight in the Far East until the U.S.A. has built a two-ocean navy that can destroy any Eastern enemy, and thus probably never have to fight, is cheap at that price. Always remember that a powerful enough navy imposes its will without having to fight. Meantime, the pro-peace groups in Chungking will undoubtedly bring all the pressure they can bear on Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek to have him attempt to disband all Chinese Communist troops. The mechanics of this would be to order the 8th Route Army troops disbanded for failure to obey military orders. If they refused to be disbanded, as they undoubtedly would, they would be attacked. Since these tactic's were successful against the other Communist army, the new Fourth Army, there is every chance the Generalissimo will be urged to repeat them. Since the U.S.A. is interested in having all political factions in China united to fight against Japan we can counteract this move by the pro-peace groups by informing the Generalissimo that the U.S. is not interested in backing a civil war in China. Grave friction between the Communist troops and the Central Government has been present for close to two years, and for a year and a half the popular front has been little more than a fiction maintained for foreign consumption. Since the Central Government receives its principal financial backing from two powers, the U.S.A. and Soviet Russia, if those two powers both say they will not finance a civil war there will be none. The Generalissimo wants to beat the Japanese. No one has to advise him or urge him on that score. As long as he is alive and as long as he sees any human possibility of continuing the war there will be no peace. He can continue the war as long as he is adequately financed and communications are kept open so that supplies can be brought in. There may be lack of food, there may be riots against the high cost of living due to the rise in prices under the effects of the natural inflation consequent on nearly four years of war. There will be innumerable stories of crookedness and graft in high places and there will be many proved stories of inefficiency. But the Generalissimo will continue to fight the Japanese under any difficulties that come up as long as he is financed and the war materials that he needs can reach him. Anyone who tries to foment civil war in China or to spread scandal saying aid to China will only be misused plays Japan's game. At present Germany can give China nothing. She has not the money to finance her and she cannot send her supplies. But she promises the Chinese the moon after the war. The Generalissimo's army was trained by the Germans. Germany was a good friend to China and the Germans are liked and admired in China. If the U.S.A. finances and helps China the Generalissimo will fight on against the Japanese indefinitely. If U.S. aid should ever be relaxed or withdrawn, the temptation for the Generalissimo would be to make a temporary peace with Japan and rely on German aid to resume the fight when Germany would be in a position to give that aid. The Generalissimo is a military leader who goes through the motions of being a statesman. This is important. Hitler is a statesman who employs military force. Mussolini is a statesman who is unable to employ military force. The Generalissimo's objectives are always military. For 10 years his objective was to destroy the Communists. He was kidnaped under Communist auspices and agreed to give up fighting the Communists and fight the Japanese. Since then his objective has been to defeat Japan. He has never given this up. I think that somewhere inside of him he has never given up the other objective either. When you say a man is a military man and not a statesman there are all of his speeches to prove that you are wrong. But by now we know that statesmen's speeches are often not written by the statesmen. There is much argument whether China is or is not a democracy. No country which is at war remains a democracy for long. War always brings on a temporary dictatorship. The fact that there are any vestiges of democracy in China after the length of time she has been at war proves that she is a country that we can admire very much. The trouble between the Chinese Communists and the Central Government will be settled only when the Central Government and the Soviet Union agree on the exact boundaries and sphere of influence of what will then be Soviet China. In the meantime, the Chinese Communists will try to get as much territory as they can and the Central Government will always nurse the hope of never having to face the fact that a part of China will be Soviet. The Soviet Government backs the Generalissimo with money, planes, armament and military advisers. It backs him to fight Japan. The Chinese Communists are more or less on their own. Russia has two horses running in China against the Japanese. Her main entry is the Generalissimo. But the Russians know that it is never a disadvantage to have two good horses in the race. At present Russia figures to win against the Japanese with the Generalissimo. She figures to place with the Chinese Communists. After this race is run it will be another and a very different race. |
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| 31 | 1941.06.16 |
Hemingway, Ernest. Japan's position in China. In : PM ; June 16 (1941). Rangoon.—Japan has temporarily lost her chance of making peace with China. The second thing you can truly count on in the Far East is that Japan can never conquer China. The simplest way to explain the present military stalemate is to point out that Japan has conquered all the flat country, where her superiority in planes, artillery and mechanized formations has given her a tremendous advantage, and she must now fight the Chinese in mountain country, much of it roadless, where the Chinese meet the Japanese on more equal terms. The Chinese have an enormous army of 200 first-line divisions (over 2,000,000 men) who are exceedingly well armed for the type of war they are fighting now. They also have another million men in not so good divisions; they have three Communist divisions and, probably, 500,000 Communist irregulars who are trained in guerrilla warfare. China has ample supplies of rifles, plenty of ammunition, excellent heavy and light machine guns and automatic rifles and ample supplies of ammunition manufactured in Chinese arsenals for all of these arms. Each Chinese battalion has a mortar company of six 81-millimeter mortars which are extremely accurate at 2000 yards and have an extreme range of 3000. This is not hearsay. I saw them used many times at the front and they were excellent weapons used with great skill. This 81-millimeter mortar is the French Brandt. The Chinese can drop a shell with it on a set of diapers at 2000 yards, and in the mountains it makes up enormously for their lack of artillery. |
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| 32 | 1941.06.17 |
Hemingway, Ernest. China's Air needs. In : PM ; June 17 (1941). Rangoon.—There is much difference of opinion about the Chi¬nese air force. I have seen them fly, visited their training schools and talked with the Americans and Russians who have taught them. Some say they are fine. Some say they are terrible. No people on earth, except the Spaniards, are more conceited than the Chinese and conceit is a hard thing for a pilot. It keeps him from progressing. Lately kids from the people are being trained as pilots instead of the gentry having a monopoly. The course of training is not adequate and there are no planes for them when they are graduated so nothing is really proved. But they are not as conceited as the type of airman who wishes to establish the fact that he is a superior being by flying and, once he can fly, wishes to go no further. Recently the Japanese came up to one of the Chinese air fields in northern Szechwan Province with two seater long range fighters. Sixteen Chinese pursuit pilots flying the Russian E 15-3, a Russian conversion of our old Boeing Pi2 with a new gull wing and retractable landing gear, took off to meet them. A few days before these same Chinese pilots had impressed President Roosevelt's representative, Dr. Lauchlin Currie, with their formation flying. But when the heat was on it was a different story and the Japanese shot down 16 of 16 that went up. They broke formation and scattered and the Japanese, keeping their formation, just went around methodically accounting for the singles after the covey had been flushed. Any real American aid to the Chinese in the air would have to include pilots. Sending them planes keeps them happy and keeps them fighting. It will not put them in condition to take the dffensive successfully. China can resist indefinitely with the equipment it has if it is financed and the Generalissimo sees an ultimate chance of victory through Japan being involved in war with Great Britain and the U.S.A. China cannot face the Japanese in any offensive action. There are about 4000 supposedly competent Chinese artillery officers. Most of them are holding staff commands because of the lack of guns. Many of them are German-trained and very good. Others are of doubtful ability. There are at least two Chinese offensive projects which could be undertaken successfully if they were supplied with artillery. There is an excellent chance that Japan will not try to move south this year at all, but will try to defeat China by two great final drives. Having lost its chance to make peace with China it may realize it can never move south successfully with the bulk of its forces held in China, which cannot be crushed economically as long as it is receiving periodic financial injections from the U.S.A. Japan's problem is to cut the main roads into China by which aid comes in from the U.S.A. and Russia. If it does not attempt a move to the south it will undoubtedly try to drive north toward Siam to cut the communications between Russia and China. Japan's other drive must be from Laokai on the French Indo-China frontier, or somewhat east of there, north again to Kunming to cut the Burma Road. Cutting these two roads would sever the main lifelines into China from the two countries that are helping it most. They are the two moves to be expected this summer in case Japan does not move to the south. Both of them are exceedingly difficult and the Chinese have an adequate mobile reserve to oppose them. At this moment it looks as though Japan would not move south unless there was a German move to invade England. It does not look as though a German attack on Suez would provide sufficient confusion for her to move. It looks as though Japan will not risk war with England and America until she sees a possibility of England and the U.S.A. being so occupied that they cannot oppose her adequately. |
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| 33 | 1941.06.18 |
Hemingway, Ernest. Chinese build air field. In : PM ; June 18 (1941). Manila.—Nelson Johnson, the last U.S. Ambassador to Chungking, who lived in China so long that he talked like an elder Chinese statesman and who never took a view shorter than 3000 years, told me as we stood looking out from the new spring green of the U.S. Embassy terrace across the fast running Yangtze River to the rising bulk of the terraced, gray, bomb-spattered, fire-gutted, grim stone island that is China's war-time capital: "China can do anything that China wants to do." At the time this remark irritated me profoundly. Unlike Mr. Johnson, I had never seen the Great Wall and I suppose I could not think of it as something that had been built just a few days or years before. I was thinking in immediate terms: how much money it would cost to tie up how many Japanese divisions in China; what were the offensive possibilities for the Chinese Army; could friction between the Communists and the Kuomintang be reduced so they found again a common basis for fighting against Japan; how many planes were needed before China could take the offensive and who would fly them; how many pieces of artillery were absolutely necessary and how were they to be got in; and how many gunner officers were fit to handle them when and if they were got in; and about several other things. When Mr. Johnson brought that remark up out of the depth of his learning I was moderately appalled. It did not seem to help much on the immediate solution of many grave problems. Two days later I flew up to Chengtu in north Szechwan Province where the caravans come down from Tibet and you walk past yellow and red lamas in the dust-deep streets of the old high-walled city; the dust blowing gray in clouds with the cold wind down from the snowy mountains and you have to wear a handkerchief over your face and step into a silver-beater's shop as the caravans pass. Up there in the north I found out what Mr. Johnson meant, and I saw something that made me know what it would have been like to have ridden some early morning up from the south out of the desert and seen the great camp and the work that went on when men were building on the pyramids. It started with the Generalissimo talking about Flying Fortresses. With some of those big four-motor Boeings the Chinese could fly over Japan at an altitude where neither Japanese antiaircraft nor pursuit could bother them and bring to Japan the horror that she had spread through China in the past four years. There were no Chinese who were qualified to be checked out on a Flying Fortress as pilots, but none of those present brought that up. That was a thing which could presumably be arranged later. Someone did point out, though, that there was not a single airfield in China which could handle a Boeing B17. At this point in the conversation the Generalissimo made a note. "What do they weigh?" he asked. "Around 22 tons," someone told him with more or less accuracy. "Not over that?" asked the Generalissimo. "No. But I will check." The next day the construction of the airfield began. Chen Loh-kwan, 38-year-old engineering graduate of the University of Illinois and chief of the Engineering Department of the Aeronautical Commission, was ordered to complete an airfield ready to receive Flying Fortresses on March 30. There was an "or else" added to the order, but Chen Loh-kwan has built so many airfields in a hurry for the Generalissimo that if they ever "or elsed" him it would be probably much the simplest solution to the hundreds of thousands of problems he has solved and has to go on solving. He never worries about "or elses." He had from January 8 to March 30 to build an airfield with a runway a mile and an eighth long by a little over 150 yards wide with a stone-filling and top dressing macadam runway five feet deep to support the giant bombers when they land or take off. Chen Loh-kwan's task was to level a 1000-acre field without tools; first removing 1,050,000 cubic meters of earth by hand and transporting it in baskets an average distance of half a mile. He built his runway with a yard deep layer of stone, then a layer of watered earth, then another layer of stone. This stone was all hauled in baskets from the bed of a river which flowed along from half a mile to a mile away. This runway foundation was surfaced with three layers. One was a layer of boulders set in lime mortar. Above this was a layer of lime concrete. On top of it all, in a biiliard-table-rolled-smooth surface, was an inch and a half of broken stone clay bound covered with one inch of coarse sand. There is blind drainage all around the edge of the runway which will support, when I saw it,.five tons of load per square foot and will handle bombers as big as the new B19. Chen Loh-kwan built—that is he built moulds for rollers and poured them—150 three-and-a-half-to ten-ton concrete rollers to smooth off this job. They were all pulled by manpower. One of the finest things I ever saw was that manpower pulling. He brought in water in two ditches from ten miles away to parallel the runway during the construction to save hauling water. The workers mixed all the concrete by puddling it with their feet. Sixty thousand workers at one time were hauling the 220,000 cubic meters of gravel from eight miles along the river. Thirty-five thousand more workers were crushing stone with hand hammers. There were 5000 wheelbarrows in use at a time and 200,000 baskets slung on carrying sticks. Every carrying stick was bent to breaking point under a double load as the men worked 12-hour shifts. The Governor of Szechwan Province provided Chen Loh-an with 100,000 workers. They came in bands of 800 from the 10 different counties of the province. Some had to march 15 days from their homes. They were paid on the basis that a man can cut up to a meter and a quarter of earth a day. This was adjudged to be worth 40 ounces of rice. The man working received three-fifths of this in rice and the balance in cash. It worked out to about $2.30 a day Chinese, or $1 a day Chinese and rice. The first I saw of the workers was a cloud of dust coming down the road with a ragged, torn-clothed, horny-footed, pockfaced army marching in the blowing dust singing as they plodded with their torn flags snapping in the wind. We passed another band that jammed a village as they sang, boasted, and bought food for the night and then we came up on a rise and saw the field. Looking across the great, stretching earth-leveled expanse, it looked at first like some ancient battlefield with the banners waving and the clouds of dust rolling where 80,000 men were toiling. Then you could make out the long cement-whitening mile-and-an-eighth runway and the 100-man teams that were rolling it smooth as they dragged the lo-ton rollers back and forth. Through all the dust, the clicking of breaking rock and the hammering, there was a steady undertone of singing as of surf breaking on a great barrier reef. "What is that song?" I asked. "It is only what they sing," the engineer told me. "It is a song they sing that makes them happy." "What does it say?" "It says that they work all day and all night to do this. They work all day and all night. The rock is big. They make it small. The earth was soft. They make it hard." "Go on," I said. "The field was uneven and they make it smooth. They make the runway smooth as metal and the rollers are light to their shoulders. The roller has no weight because all men pull it together." "What do they sing now?" "Now we have done what we can do. Now come the Flying Fortresses. Now-we-have-done-what-we-can-do! Now-come-the- Flying-Fortresses!" "You can send somebody who can fly them," an engineer said. He was a very practical man, used to building airfields without tools and with no false illusions. "You see," he looked across at the wind-blowing glory of the field where the singing was beating like surf, "there are certain things that we can do ourselves." It was close to the end of the deadline and the field would be ready on the date that had been set. |
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| 34 | 1941.07.02 |
Hemingway, Ernest. U.S. aid will hold China to war front. In : The Examinger ; 2 July (1941). In : The Montreal gazette ; 14 June (1941). Rangoon.—There are two things you can count on in the present Far East set-up. Firstly, Japan has temporarily lost her chance of making a peace with China. Last year there was a big peace drive on in Chungking, which reached its high point last December. But the aid that China believes she will receive from America has killed the pro-peace movement off temporarily. The U.S. can count on holding 37 of the 52 Japanese army divisions in China from six to ten months for a little less than the price of a battle-ship. That is to say, that for £21,000,000 to £31,000,000 this force will be immobilised. At the end of another six to 10 months, if past performances mean anything, the U.S. will have to furnish approximately the price of another battleship to keep Japanese tied up in China for another equal period. In the meantime the U.S. is arming. Insurance against having to fight in the Far East until the U.S. has built a two-ocean navy that can destroy any Eastern enemy, and thus probably never have to fight, is cheap at that price. Always remember that a powerful enough navy imposes its will without having to fight. Meantime, the pro-peace groups in Chungking will undoubtedly bring all the pressure they can on Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek to have him attempt to disband all Chinese Communist troops. The mechanics of this would be to order the 8th Route Army troops disbanded for failure to obey military orders. If they refused to be disbanded, as they undoubtedly would, they would be attacked. Since these tactics were successful against the other Communist army, the new Fourth Army, there is every chance the Generalissimo will be urged to repeat them. Since the U.S. is interested in having all political factions in China uni- ted to fight against Japan, she can counteract this move of the pro-peace groups by informing Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek that the U.S. is not interested in backing a civil war in China. Red Army Threat Grave friction between the Communist troops and the Central Government has been threatening for almost two years and for a year and a half the popular front has been little more than a fiction maintained for foreign consumption. Since the Central Government receives its principal financial backing from two Powers, the U.S. and Soviet Russia, if those two Powers both say they will not finance a civil war there will be none. The Generalissimo wants to beat the Japanese. No one has to advise him or urge him on that score. As long as he is alive there will be no peace with Japan as long as he sees any human possibility of continuing the war. He can continue the war as long as he is adequately financed and communications are kept open so that sup- plies can be brought in. There may be lack of food, there may be riots against the high cost of living due to the rise in prices under the effects of the natural inflation consequent on nearly four years of war. There will be innumerable stories of crookedness and graft in high places and there will be many proved stories of inefficiency. But the Generalissimo will continue to fight the Japanese under any difficulties that come up as long as he is financed and the war materials that he needs can reach him. Play Japan's Game. Anyone who tries to foment civil war in China or to spread scandal, saying aid to China will only be misused, plays Japan's game. At present Germany can give China nothing. She has not the money to finance her and she cannot send her supplies. But she promises the Chinese the moon after the war. The Generalissimo's army was trained by the Germans. Germany was a good friend to China and the Germans are liked and admired in China. If the U.S. finances and helps China the Generalissimo will fight on against the Japanese indefinitely. The Generalissimo is a military leader who goes through the motions of being a statesman. This is important. Hitler is a statesmen who employs military force. Mussolini is a statesman who is unable to employ military force. The Generalissimo's' objectives are always military. For 10 years his objective was to destroy the Communists. He was kid- napped under Communist auspices and agreed to give up fighting the Com- munists and fight the Japanese. Since then his objective has been to defeat Japan. He has never given this up. Dislikes Communists I think that somewhere inside him he has never given up the other objective either. When you say a man is a military man and not a statesman there are all of his speeches to prove that you are wrong. But by now we know that statesmen's speeches are often not written by the statesmen. There is much argument whether China is or is not a democracy. No country which is at war remains a democracy for long. War always brings on a temporary dictatorship. The fact that there are any vestiges of democracy in China after the length of time she has been at war proves that she is a country that we can admire very much. The trouble between the Chinese Communists and the Central Government will only be settled when the Central Government and the Soviet Union agree on the exact boundaries and sphere of influence of what will be Soviet China. In the meantime the Chinese Communists will try to get as much territory as they can and the Central Government will always nurse the hope of never having to face the fact that a part of China will be Soviet. The Soviet Government backs the Generalissimo with money, planes, armament and military advisers. They back him to fight Japan. The Chinese Communists are more or less on their own. Russia has two horses running in China against the Japanese. Her main entry is the Generalissimo. But the Russians know that it is never a dis- advantage to have two good horses in the same race. At present Russia figures to win against the Japanese with the Generalissimo. She figures to place with the Chinese Communists. After this race is run it will be an- other and a very different race. |
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| 35 | 1941.07.04 |
Hemingway, Ernest. Japan cannot beat China's army Chiang's need of an Air Force 2. In : The Advertiser ; 4 July (1941). JAPAN has lost, temporarily, her chance of making peace with China. The second thing you can count on in the Far East is that Japan can never conquer China. The simplest way to explain the present military stalemate is to point out that Japan has conquered all of the flat country where her superiority in planes, artillery, and mechanised formations has given her a tremendous advantage. She must now fight the Chinese in mountain country, much of it road- less, where the Chinese meet the Japanese on more equal terms. The Chinese have an enormous army of 200 first-line divisions (over 2,000,000 men), who are exceedingly well armed for the type of war they are fighting now. They also have another million men in not so good divisions, they have three Communist divisions, and probably half a million Communist irregulars. who are trained in guerilla warfare. PLENTY OF RIFLES CHINA has ample supplies of rifles, plenty of ammunition, excellent heavy and light machine- guns and automatic rifles, and ample supplies of ammunition manufactured in Chinese arsenals for all these arms. Each Chinese battalion has a mortar company of six 81-millimetre mortars, which are extremely accurate at 2,000 yards, and have an extreme range of 3,000 yards. This is not hearsay. I saw the mortars used many times at the front, and they were excellent weapons used with great skill. This 81-millimetre mortar is the French Brandt, and the Chinese can drop a shell with it on a set of diapers at 2.000 yards. In the mountains it makes up enormously for their lack of artillery. The Chinese are also building an 82- millimetre mortar of their own, copied almost exactly from the Brandt. It is practically as accurate, but a couple of hundred yards shorter in its extreme range. In the regular Chinese divisions the discipline is of the extremist Prussian model. The death penalty starts with stealing, interfering with the people, insubordination, and goes on through all the usual army crimes. STRICT DISCIPLINE THE Chinese have also a few innovations, such as an entire section being shot if the section leaders advance and the section cannot get its legs moving; and there are other advancements in the art of making a soldier know that death is certain from behind and only possible from in front. If we take the German idea of an army as an ideal, the best Chinese Central Government troops are very close to it. They know the trade of soldiering, they travel fast, they eat little compared to European troops, they are not afraid of death, and they have the best of the inhuman qualities that make a man a good soldier. The Chinese medical service is fairly lamentable. One of the greatest difficulties is caused by the doctors' dislike of being near the fighting. They say that, as it takes a long time and much money to produce a doctor, it is unjust and un-reasonable to expect such an expensive and rare product to be exposed to possible extermination by enemy projectiles. As a result, by the time Chinese wounded see a doctor, it would often have been kinder to have shot them where they fell. The head of the Chinese Red Cross unit in the field, Dr. Robert Lim, has done much to change this conception of the doctor's role in the war. But the Chinese medical service is still far from perfect. The troops of the Central Government have had no publicity. The Communists have welcomed good writers, and have been well written up. Three million other men have died to oppose Japan without getting adequate press cuttings. Anyone who says or writes that the troops of the Central Government armies are not a magnificently disciplined, well-trained, well-officered, and excellently-armed defensive force has never seen them at the front. AIR FORCE WEAKNESS THERE are many things needed before the troops can take the offensive on any large scale. They also face certain grave problems; but you can bet, no matter what you may hear, that, if the Central Government has money to pay, feed, and continue to arm them, they are not going to be defeated by the Japanese this year, nor next year, nor the year after. Nor, if you want my absolute opinion, having seen the terrain, the problems involved, and the troops who will do the fighting, will the Japanese ever defeat the Chinese Army unless it is sold out. As long as America is putting up the money to pay and arm them, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek is in, command, the Chinese will not be sold out. But if America ceased to back them, or if anything ever happened to the Generalissimo, they would be sold out very quickly. The main drawback to the Chinese Army taking the offensive is its lack of a competent Air Force and of artillery. |
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| 36 | 1941.07.05 |
China fights on after four years of War. Chiang Kai-shek's inspiring leadership. In : The Advertiser ; 5 July (1941). This article by the Shanghai correspondent of "The Times" contains a tribute to General Chiang Kai-shek, the Chinese leader, which, with the high praise of Ernest Hemingway in his article yesterday, and that of Dr. T. Z. Koo, who is now in Adelaide, shows the quality of the Chinese Generalissimo. THE war in China, which on Monday will enter its fifth year, has exposed many fallacies about the Chinese. The most tenacious of these was the view that they were incapable of resisting a mechanised modern army like the Japanese. Judged by Western military standards, the training, staff work, and equipment of the Chinese forces are still for the most part woefully inadequate. Although they have given the Japanese some hard knocks, their "strategic" retreats, since the epic days of Shanghai, have often been strategic in a different sense. Yet their will-o'-the-wisp tactics, deliberate as well as enforced, have kept over 1,000,000 Japanese troops in the field for nearly four years. The Japanese continue to claim victories in the fighting up and down the country—and it must be admitted that, with notable exceptions, the weight of metal usually tells —but such claims are, in fact, a confession of their own frustration. The war which was to have lasted only four weeks has, indeed, lasted four bitter years, and still shows no signs of ending. NATIONAL UNITY ANOTHER delusion of the Japanese was the conviction that national unity could never be attained by the Chinese, a view often put forward in the assertion that China was not a nation but a geographical term. After their spurious success in sowing political discord among rival factions in the period of civil strife, the Japanese were disconcerted by the solidarity of the military leaders in the face of invasion. It is true that they have induced Mr. Wang Ching-wei to set up a "central" Government at Nanking, under the protection of their bayonets. But, in spite of all his efforts, Mr. Wang Ching-wei has still failed to attract a single adherent of national repute. Nor is there the slightest prospect of the new regime fulfilling the Japanese hope of serving as a bridge between themselves and General Chiang Kai-shek. The leaders in Chungking and the masses of the people alike despise the "puppet" Government. Every one knows that it will vanish like the Yangtze mists the moment the Japanese troops are withdrawn. The Communists in China have also been the subject of much confused thinking. Since their first exploits against the Japanese in Shansi, they have been steadily losing favor, especially among the youth of the country which has been irked by so much talk and so little action that it no longer looks to them for the future. Moscow has sedulously refrained from using the Communists in China as a token in its relations with Chungking, taking the realistic view that the war of resistance can be continued only by giving undivided support to the Generalissimo. Numerically also the Communists are of diminishing importance, and the Government, with its vast new armies, is confident of its ability to cope with the Red divisions as well as the Japanese if compelled. Moderates on both sides, however, recognise that the dispute is harmful to China's prestige, and most foreign observers believe that it will not be allowed to get out of hand. BLOCKADE OF CHINA. THE Japanese are learning bitter lessons in their efforts to blockade China. In theory the Chinese coast has been blockaded from the Gulf of Chihli in the north to the Bay of Tonkin in the south. Yet in fact as fast as the Japanese close up one gap another appears, like holes in a leaky hosepipe. There is no doubt that the recent raids, such as the descent on Pakhoi. are severe blows to the Chinese, causing the interruption of routes and the destruction of valuable supplies. Nor can the Burma road, especially since the unresisted attacks on the Mekong River bridges, wholly compensate for the loss of the Indo-China route. Yet again supplies have a way of finding their way into the interior by all sorts of devious routes which the Japanese cannot hope to block. To make the blockade "total" under existing conditions would require one soldier for every half-dozen yards of the coast from the Manchurian border to Indo-China. And even this would be ineffective in places where the smuggling of Japanese goods fetches high profits. Japanese hopes that the Chungking Government, isolated in the interior, would become little more than a provincial regime have also been falsified. With the "closing" of the Burma road to the transit of certain classes of war materials Chungking reached its lowest ebb. The reopening of the road, the Anglo-American credits, Mr. Laughlin Currie's visit to China, and President Roosevelt's promise of assistance have had a tonic effect in the war capital. The Chinese, who have maintained from the outset that they have been fighting for the Western democracies as well as themselves in the common war against aggression, feel now that this has at last been recognised. They look forward to receiving an increasing measure of support which will not only enable them to turn the tables on the invader but ensure their place in the world settlement upon which their future peace and security depend. Among the changes that have been brought about in four years of war in China is the frankness with which Chinese leaders will now discuss their difficulties and dangers. Thus the officials in Chungking make no secret of the serious problem of spiralling prices in the interior provinces, the anxiety over this season's food crops, the growing shortage of commodities in "Free" China, and the Japanese attacks on the national currency. They are less willing, perhaps, to speak of the confusion which still hampers much of the traffic over the Burma road. The appointment of Dr. John Earl Baker, director of the American Red Cross in China, as head of a commission to lake charge of the road is a big step in the right direction. Many of the problems which still confront the Chungking authorities would be considered hopeless in other countries on account of their magnitude and complexity. But the Chinese have proved over and over again in the past four years that they know how to contrive, hang on, and survive—qualities of race and character derived from centuries of coping with Nature in all her moods. GENEBAL CHIANG KAI-SHEK. WHATEVER the Japanese may have felt about General Chiang Kai-shek at different times—at the moment they would desperately like to make a deal with him if they could—they have never withheld respect for his courage and tenacity. More than once they have nursed wistful hopes that his health was failing, that his followers might melt away, that he might be induced to take a holiday in the United States. Never have they expressed any of these things in any disparaging sense. They have, in short, recognised his greatness. It is this greatness which is China's chief mainstay today and her main hope for the future. It is her good fortune that the Generalissimo, in spite of the unceasing strain of his terrific burdens, continues to enjoy his usual good health and spirits. Nothing seems to daunt him nor shake his belief in China's destiny, and it is not the least of his qualities that he has inspired the whole country with his own faith. Mr. Quo Tai-chi in a recent speech in London said—"We have our Chiang Kai-shek, as you have your Winston Churchill and the Americans have their Franklin D. Roosevelt." There is no doubt that the future of human freedom depends in the first instance on these three leaders. General Chiang Kai-shek's part, though less spectacular in the eyes of the world, is in some ways more important, for he has no obvious successor, and there is no one else at the moment to whom 430,000,000 of his countrymen can look for their future. Even the renegades know that the Generalissimo will never give up the struggle until the Japanese with-draw from China. Every Chinese feels of the Japanese what Mr. Churchill said of our own chief enemy. "It was for Hitler to say when the war would begin, but it is not for him or his successors to say when it will end." The Japanese are discovering, in discarding the greatest fallacy of all about the Chinese, that one nation may start a war but it takes two or more to make a peace. |
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| 37 | 1941.07.08 |
Hemingway, Ernest. The Chinese can do what they want to do. In : Examiner ; 8 July (1941). Manila : The ex-U.S. Ambassador to China (Mr. Wilson T. Johnson)—he will soon take up duty as U.S. Ambassador to Australia—lived in China so long that he talks like an elder Chinese statesman. He never takes a view shorter than three thousand years. Before he left China for America I met him in Chungking. As we stood looking out from the new spring green of the U.S. Embassy terrace, across the fast-running, yellow Yangtse River to the rising bulk of the terraced, grey, bomb-battered, fire-gutted, grim stone island that is China's wartime capital, he said to me: "China can do anything that China wants to do." At the time this remark irritated me profoundly. I was thinking in immediate terms; how much money it would cost to tie up how many Japanese army divisions in China; what were the offensive possibilities for the Chinese army; could friction between the Communists and the Kuomintang—the Chinese Nationalist Party—be reduced so that they could find again a common basis for fighting against Japan; how many 'planes were needed before China could take the offensive, and who would fly them; how many pieces of artillery were absolutely necessary, and how were they to be got into China; and how many gunnery officers were fit to handle them when and if they were got in; and about several other things. When Mr. Johnson brought that re-mark up out of the depth of his learning I was moderately appalled. It did not seem to help much on the immediate solution of many grave problems. WHAT HE MEANT Two days later I flew up to Chengtu, in north Szechuan Province, where the caravans come down from Tibet, and you walk past yellow and red Lamas in the dust-deep streets of the old high-walled city. Up there in the North I found out what Mr. Johnson meant. It started with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek talking about Flying Fortresses. With some of those big four-motor Boeing 'planes, the Chinese pilots could fly over Japan at an altitude where neither Japanese anti-aircraft guns nor pursuit 'planes could bother them, and bring to Japan the horror that she has spread through China in the past four years. There were no Chinese pilots who were qualified to be checked out on Flying Fortresses, but none of those present brought that up; it was a thing which, presumably, could be arranged later. Someone did point out, though, that there was not a single airfield in China which could handle a Boeing B.17. At this point in the conversation the Generalissimo made a note. "What do they weigh?" he asked. "Around twenty-two tons," someone told him with more or less accuracy. "Not over that?" asked the Generalissimo. "No. But I will check." The next day the construction of an airfield began. Engineer Chen Loh-Kwan, 38 years old, graduate of the University of Illinois, chief of the Engineering Department of the Chinese Aeronautical Commission, was ordered to complete an airfield ready to receive Flying Fortresses on March 13, 1941. There was an "or else" added to the order. He had from January 8 to March 30, 1941, to build an airfield with a runway a mile and an eighth long by a little over one hundred and fifty yards wide, with a stone- filled and topdressed macadam run-way. He built his runway with a yard deep layer of stone, then a layer of watered earth, then another layer of stone. 60,000 WORKERS This stone was all hauled in baskets from the bed of a river which flowed along from half a mile to a mile away. Engineer Chen Loh-Kwan built 150 three and a half to 10-ton concrete rollers to smooth off this job. They were all pulled by manpower. One of the finest things I ever saw was that manpower pulling. Sixty thousand workers at one time were hauling the 220,000 cubic metres of gravel from eight miles along the river. Thirty-five thousand and more workers were crushing stone with hand hammers. There were five thousand wheelbarrows in use at a time, and two hundred thousand baskets slung on carrying sticks. Each carrying slick was bent to breaking point under a double load as the men worked 12 hour shifts. The Governor of Szechuan Province provided Engineer Chen Loh-Kwan with 100,000 workers. They came in hands of eight hundred from the ten different counties of the province. Engineer Chen Loh-Kwan was a very practical man, used to building airfields without tools and with no false illusions. "You see," he said to me when I visited the airfield, "there are certain things that we Chinese can do ourselves." It was close to the end of the dead-line, and the field would be ready on the date that had been set. |
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| 38 | 1941.07.08 |
Hemingway, Ernest. China badly in need of pilots, artillery. In : The Examiner ; 8 July (1941). Rangoon.—There is much difference of opinion about the Chinese air force. I have seen Chinese pilots fly, visited their training schools, and talked with the Americans and the Russians who have taught them. Some of the trainers say they are fine. Some say they are terrible. Lately kids from the ordinary Chinese people are being trained as pilots instead of the gentry having a mono- poly. The course of training is inadequate, and there are no planes for them when they graduate, so nothing is really proved. But they are not like the type of air-man who wishes to establish the fact that he is a superior being by flying, and, once he can fly, wishes to go no further. Scattered Recently some two-seater long-range Japanese fighters flew up to one of the Chinese airfields in the northern Szechwan province. Sixteen Chinese pursuit pilots, flying Russian E 15-3 planes. a conversion of America's old Boeing P12, with a new gull wing and re- tractable landing gear, took off to meet them. A few days before these same Chinese pilots had impressed President Roosevelt's representative, Dr. Laughlin Currie, with their formation flying. But when the heat was on it was a different story. The Japanese shot down 16 of 16 that went up. The Chinese broke formation and scattered, and the Japanese, keeping their formation, just went around methodically accounting for the singles after the covey had been flushed. Any real American aid to China in the air would have to include pilots. China can resist indefinitely with the equipment she has if she is financed, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek sees an ultimate chance of victory through Japan being involved in war with Great Britain and America. But the Chinese cannot face the Japanese in any offensive action; in that flat country they must regain to recapture their seaports and restore their lines of communication with the outside world—without plenty of' artillery and a good air corps. There are about 4000 allegedly competent Chinese artillery officers. Most of them are holding staff commands, due to the lack of guns in artillery units. Many of the officers are German trained and very good. Others are of doubtful ability. There are at least two offensive projects which the Chinese could undertake successfully if they were furnished with artillery. No Move South? There is an excellent chance that Japan will not try to move south this year at all, but will try to defeat China by two great final drives. Having lost her chance to make peace with China, she may realise that she can never move south successfully while the bulk of her forces are held in a China which cannot be crushed economically as long as it is receiving periodic financial injections from America. Japan's problem is to cut the main roads into China, by which aid comes in from America and Russia. If she does not attempt a move to the south she will undoubtedly try to drive north toward Sian, the capital of Shensi province, to cut the communications between Russia and China. Japan's other drive must be from Laokai, on the French Indo-China frontier, or somewhat east of there, north again to Kunming, to cut the Burma-road. Cutting these two roads would sever the main lifelines into China from the two countries that are helping her most. At this moment it looks as though Japan would not move south unless there was a German move to invade Britain. It does not look as though a German attack on Suez would provide sufficient confusion for Japan to move. It looks as though Japan will not risk war with Britain and America until she sees a possibility of England and America being so occupied that they cannot oppose her adequately. |
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| 39 | 1941.07.30 |
FINCA VIGIA SAN FRANCISCO DE PAULA CUBA July 30, 1941 Mr. Henry Morgenthau, Secretary of the Treasury Washington, D.C. Dear Mr. Morgenthau: I was dreadfully sorry not to get to Washington again in June. One of my best friends became ill while we were on a trip down here and died on the day I had planned to go to New York, so I had to call the Washington trip off. When I left for China Mr. White asked me to look into the Kuomingtang-Communist [sic] difficulties and try to find out any information which could possibly be of interest to you. When I was in Washington last this problem was comparatively dormant, so I left it more or less alone when we talked. It will recur as a serious problem quite frequently, so I thought perhaps it would be useful for me to write you a short summary of what I find at this date to be true, after studying the problem for some three months in China. First, I believe there will be no permanent setdement of the Communist problem in China until an agreement between the Generalissimo's Government and the Soviet Union setdes definite limits to the territories the Communist forces are to occupy. Until then the Communists, as good Chinese, will fight against the Japanese but as good Communists they will attempt to extend their sphere of influence in China no matter what territorial limits they may accept on paper. It is to their territorial interests to try to make a geographically defensible frontier for whatever territory they are occupying and they have consistently tried to keep a corridor open between the spheres of influence they have behind Nanking and the territory they legally occupy in the northwest. The bitterness between the Communists and most of the Kuomingtang [sic] leaders I talked to, including the Generalissimo, can not hardly be exaggerated. It is necessary to remember, always, that the Generalissimo fought the Communists for ten years and that his kidnapping and conversion to the fight against Japan was under Communist influence. The extent of the Communists' part in the kidnapping has always been played down by Mme. Chiang in her writing and in all official accounts of the kidnapping. The Communists have also played it down as they sought to appear merely as mediators who were brought in and finally showed the Generalissimo the light but, as one Kuomintang official put it to me, they still regard Communism as the "HEART DISEASE" from which China suffers while the Japanese invasion is only a "SKIN DISEASE." There are a certain amount of Communists kept in Chungking as window-dressing to prove the existence of Kuomingtang-Communist [sic] co-operation in the fight against Japan but aside from these showpieces some of whom seemed to me to be agents provocateurs, others to be sort of tourist traps, i.e., they were well watched and perhaps acting innocently in order that any visitors making contact with them would be signaled by their watchers to be local secret police, there is very little true Communist representation in Chungking with the exception of General Chou En-Lai. He is a man of enormous charm and great intelligence who keeps in close touch with all the Embassies and does a fine job of selling the Communist standpoint on anything that comes up to almost anyone in Chungking who comes into contact with him. I do not know whether you ever knew Christian Rakovsky who was a very able and also very charming Soviet diplomat before he was sent to Siberia. Chou En-Lai's ability, brilliance and charm reminded me very much of the early Rakovski, of the period of the Genoa conference and the negotiations of the first German-Soviet Pact. He is one of the few people of opposing views who can get to and talk with the Generalissimo. He was once, as you undoubtedly know, the Generalissimo's aide when Chaing [sic] Kai-Shek headed the Huang Pu (Whangpoo) [sic] academy. It was he who did the talking to Chiang Kai-Shek at the time of his kidnapping and they will see each other quite often. Chou En-Lai and his wife and Mme. Chaing [sic] Kai-Shek and the Generalissimo had dinner together in Chungking while I was there; but while Chou En-Lai and the window-dressing Communists move about freely in Chungking, under-cover Communists are hunted in Kuomingtang [sic] territory almost as relentlessly as they would be in Japan, and Liberals, when they are professors in the University, are extremely suspect and under close surveillance. Students suspected of liberal views, and by this I do not mean Communist but merely those who are at all to the left of political views of the gentry or land-holding class, are liable to arrest and imprisonment in concentration camps. I have seldom seen such an atmosphere of fear of betrayal by informers as at the great university at Chengtu. These were men that I knew were not Communists nor fellow-travelers nor Communist sympathizers, but at a tea party in the campus anyone who wished to tell you anything even remotely critical of the Kuomingtang [sic] would be careful to walk away into a clear open space before speaking. You have probably noticed that each time reports of Kuomingtang-Communist [sic] friction come simultaneously with any aggressive move in the East by Japan. Undoubtedly, incidents are created between Kuomingtang [sic] and Communist troops by the Chinese in favour of the Wang Ching-Wei puppet government to create friction, always with the ultimate hope of civil war between the Communist and the Kuomingtang [sic] believe a part of these incidents are artificially forced by the propeace generals and politicians who surround the Generalissimo. Others are the natural product of the conflicting aims of the two parties, but the timing of the incidents over the past six months has too often been to Japan's advantage for them to be merely coincidences. I think it is very possible that Japan has agents working on both sides. But with the natural desire for peace of all those who are unable to enjoy their former privileges in wartime and whose one desire is to have the war with Japan over and the Communists destroyed, it is natural to suppose that they would try to produce any sort of incident which would lead to war with the Communists. To keep the whole thing as simple as possible, I think we can be sure that war between the Kuomingtang [sic] and the Communists is inevitable unless the Soviet Union and the Chungking Government come to some mutual agreement which will make part of China really Soviet China with a defensible frontier which will be respected by both the Chungking Government and the Communists. I believe we can delay indefinitely any all-out civil war between the Chungking Government and the Communists if our representatives make it perfectly clear at all times that we will not finance civil war in any way. I am perfectly sure that many people in China will try to make it clear to any American representatives there, as they attempted to do to me, that China now has an army capable of crushing the Communists in a short time and that it would be advisable to complete the surgical interven¬tion to cure the "Heart Disease." Personally, I have known no disease of the heart which has ever been cured by such a violent means and I think that a major military campaign against the Communists in the northwest would be the most disastrous thing that could happen for China. It is very easy to criticize the lack of true democracy in the area governed by the Kuomintang [sic] but we have to remember that they have been at war against Japan for five years now and it is a great credit to China that after five years of war, which almost invariably produces a form of dictatorship during its prosecution, any vestiges of democracy should remain at all. Life in Chungking is unbelievably difficult and unpleasant. Many of the wealthiest Chinese have fled to Shanghai or Hong Kong. Those who remain are heartily sick of the war although their public statements naturally say nothing of this. It is the wealthy people, the land-owners, and the banks who are most anxious for the war to end. They are naturally anxious to enjoy the fruits of their wealth and position. There is no enjoyment of any kind in Chungking but these people who want the war with Japan to end are equally anxious for the destruction of the Communists and their ideal of a solution would be for us to back China while she destroyed the Communists and made peace with Japan. They bring every form of pressure on the Generalissimo and his advisors to work toward this solution and naturally, as nothing is done clearly or openly in China, their aims seldom seem to be what they actually are. I could outline the various peace groups to you, but you undoubtedly have had so much information on that from others better qualified than I am to analize [sic] them that I shall not bother you with that. While we recognize the importance that there should be no civil war between the Communists and the Kuomingtang [sic], we should not accept completely the value that the Communists put on their own war effort. They have had much excellent publicity and have welcomed writers of the caliber of Edgar Snow to their territory that America has an exaggerated idea of the part they played in the war against Japan. Their part has been very considerable but that of the central government has been a hundred times greater. The Generalissimo, in conversations, is very bitter about this. He said to me in conversation, "The Communists are skillful propagandists but without much fighting ability. As the Communists do not possess military strength, the government does not need to resort to force against them. If the Communists try to create trouble injurious to the prosecution of the war, the government will take minor measures to deal with them as disciplinary questions arise. I guarantee you that the government will undertake no major operations against the Communists. "The Fourth Route Army Incident was very insignificant. It equaled one-tenth of one percent of the noise created about it in America. "There has been intensive propaganda, so that Americans believe that Communists are necessary to the war of resistance. Actually, without the Communist Party, the armed resistance of China would be facilitated, not hindered. The Communists are hampering the Chinese Army. There are Eight war zones without any Communist troops in them at all." At this point Mme. Chiang-Kai-Shek said that she had received letters from Americans stating the Government Army fired at the backs of the Fourth Route Army while it was withdrawing according to orders. The Generalissimo interrupted her impatiendy to continue. "The Communists give no assistance to the Government Army. They disarm Government troops whenever possible to get more material and more territory. It is not true about firing on withdrawing Communist armies. The Communists have refused to retire to the areas which have been assigned to them, and disciplinary measures were taken against them accordingly. Those are the type of disciplinary measures which will be taken in the future but there will be no major operations against the Communists and no measures against them if they obey the orders of the Central Government." The Generalissimo went on, "The Communists made no contribution in the war against Japan but hampered the war effort. If there were no Communists in China the Government could have made greater achievements. The Government is not afraid of Communists, but they only delay the final victory. If the United States worries about the Communists they are simply falling into the Communist trap." During this time the Generalissimo spoke with great passion and vehemence, and Mme. Chiang Kai-Shek interpreted for him. He sometimes interrupted her in his eagerness to proceed with the theme. He went on, "Large numbers of Government troops are diverted to guard against the Communists. Sixty divisions are held in the rear, in readiness against a possible Japanese southward push. They also serve to watch the Communists. I tell you this in confidence. Unless the Communists use force, the Government armies will not. I hope that the Communists will come into the framework of the Central Government. They will be treated as any other army unit if they do. If they do not, they must accept the disciplinary mea¬sures which they will incur." Mme. Chiang Kai-Shek interrupted to say, "We are not trying to crush them. We want to treat them as good citizens of China." As these statements would have only served to inflame feeling between the Kuomingtang [sic] and the Communists and tend toward creating an atmosphere of civil war, I did not publish it. Dr. Laughlin Curie [sic, Currie] told me in Hong Kong, as he came out, that our policy was to discourage civil war between the Communists and the Central Government and I wrote nothing which would encourage a possible war between the two parties. Also the various statements of the Generalissimo were at variance with his own former statements and with the known facts of the Communist war effort. I write them to show you the passions and the disregard of the facts which enter when the Communist question is raised. Communists, however, in my experience in Spain, always try to give the impression that they are the only ones who really fight. This is part of their tactics and their enemies slander them with equal injustice. You have probably had enough of this subject for one letter. There are a couple of other very interesting angles which I would like to write you about if it would be of any interest. Checking over all my material, certain things stand out as of more or less permanent importance, no matter what necessary changes in the manner in which the situation must be regarded due to develop¬ments in the past six weeks. If you would care to have me write a couple of more letters on these subjects, perhaps your secretary would let me know. I have a report on various incidents in the difficulties between the Eighth Route Army and the Fourth Route Army (The two Communist units; the latter now disbanded) and the troops of the Central Government, written by Generals Ho Ying-Chin and Pai Chung-Hsi, Chief of Staff and Deputy Chief of Staff of the Chinese army, and the two answers to their thesis on the whole situation which General Chou En-Lai wrote for me. The attack on the Fourth Route Army was as long ago as last February but the basic attitudes of the two parties toward all of these incidents are set forth very clearly in these documents. They can, therefore, serve as a basis of study for sifting out the truth on future incidents which are bound to occur. In reading them each side makes an extremely strong case. Their respective case is that handled in the first para¬graph of this letter. I believe these dissimilar reports are valuable as background for judging the importance of future incidents which will arise. Could your secretary let me know if you want these and other documents? Another thing you might wish to have is a study of the wage scale of the Chinese army. A Lieutenant-Colonel in the Central Government Army with ten years of military service as a Commissioned officer having fought against the warlords, the Communists and the Japanese, at present makes 126 Chinese dollars per month. In 1937, before all officers took a voluntary pay cut as their sacrifice toward fighting the Japanese, the same officer received 180 dollars. In 1937 one dollar bought 14 pounds of rice. This Spring one dollar buys two pounds of rice. Officers have no food allowance. I believe that in the present wage scale of officers in the Kuomingtang [sic] Army there is a greater threat to Chinese continuance of the war—not this year, but for next year—than in any other single destructive possibility. I have the notes for a report on this which I can write and send to you if you will be interested. Please forgive me for bothering you with such a long letter. There was so much to say when I saw you last June, and I have tried to let time eliminate those things which did not seem essential. With very best wishes to you in this most difficult time, I am Very truly yours, Ernest Hemingway. |
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| 40 | 1950 |
Letter from Ernest Hemingway to General Charles T. Lanham ; 11 Sept. 1950. But I do know fighting people of all kinds, painters, diplomats, thieves, gangsters, politcians, jockeys, trainers, bull fighters, many beautiful women, great ladies, the beau monde, the fast International sporting house set, professional killers, every sort of gambler, Madame Chang Kai Chek and both her sisters, the good one and the bad one, rapid anarchists, socialists, democrats, communists and monarchists and so I guess if you are guilty by association I plead guilty on the above counts. |
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| 41 | 1970 |
Hemingway, Ernest. Islands in the stream [ID D30447]. [Hemingway's semi-autobiographical hero Thomas Hudson tells friends in a Cuban bar about Hong Kong]. At this time I was in Hong Kong which is a very wonderful city where I was very happy and had a crazy life. There is a beautiful bay and on the mainland side of the bay is the city of Kowloon. Hong Kong itself is on a hilly island that is beautifully wooded and there are winding roads up to the top of the hills and houses built high up in the hills and the city is at the base of the hill facing Kowloon. You go back and forth by fast, modern ferry boats. This Kowloon is a fine city and you would like it very much. It is clean and well laid-out and the forest comes to the edge of the city and there is very fine wood pigeon shooting just outside of the compound of the Women's Prison. We used to shoot the pigeons, which were large and handsome with lovely purple shading feathers on their necks, and a strong swift way of flying, when they would come in to roost just at twilight in a huge laurel tree that grew just outside the whitewashed wall of the prison compound. Sometimes I would take a high incomer, coming very fast with the wind behind him, directly overhead and the pigeon would fall inside the compound of the prison and you would hear the women shouting and squealing with delight as they fought over the bird and then squealing and shrieking as the Sikh guard drove them off and retrieved the bird which he then brought dutifully out to us through the sentry's gate of the prison. The mainland around Kowloon was called the New Territories and it was hilly and forested and there were many wood pigeons, and in the evening you could hear them calling to each other… At this time it was so valuable that we were using DC-2's, transport planes such as fly from here to Miami, to fly it over from a field at Nam Yung in Free China to Kai Tak airport at Kowloon. From there it was shipped to the States. It was considered very scarce and of vital importance in our preparations for war since it was needed for hardening steel, yet anyone could go out and dig up as much of it in the hills of the New Territories as he or she could carry on a flat basket balanced on the head to the big shed where it was bought clandestinely. I found this out when I was hunting wood pigeons and I brought it to the attention of people purchasing wolfram in the interior. No one was very interested and I kept bringing it to the attention of people of higher rank until one day a very high officer who was not at all interested that wolfram was there free to be dug up in the new Territories said to me, 'But after all, old boy, the Nam Yung set-up is functioning you know'. But when we shot in the evenings outside the women's prison and would see an old Douglas twin-motor plane come in over the hills and slide down towards the airfield, and you knew it was loaded with sacked wolfram and had just flown over the Jap lines, it was strange to know that many of the women in the women's prison were there for having been caught digging wolfram illicitly… There are many islands and bays around Hong Kong and the water is clear and beautiful. The New Territories was really a wooded and hilly peninsula that extended out from the mainland and the island Hong Kong was built on is in the great, blue, deep bay that runs from the South China Sea all the way up to Canton. In the winter the climate was much as it is today when there is a norther blowing, with rain and blustery weather and it was cool for sleeping. I would wake in the mornings and even if it were raining I would walk to the fish market. Their fish are almost the same as ours and the basic food fish is the red grouper. But they had very fat and shining pompano and huge prawns, the biggest I have ever seen. The fish market was wonderful in the early morning when the fish were brought in shining and fresh caught and there were quite a few fish I did not know, but not many and there were also wild ducks for sale that had been trapped. You could see pin-tails, teal, widgeon, both males and females in winter plumage, and there were wild ducks that I had never seen with plumage as delicate and complicated as our wood ducks. I would look at them and their unbelievable plumage and their beautiful eyes and see the shining, fat, new-caught fish and the beautiful vegetables all manured in the truck gardens by human excrement, they called it 'night-soil' there, and the vegetables were as beautiful as snakes. I went to the market very morning, and every morning it was a delight. Then in the mornings there were always people being carried through the streets to be buried, with the mourners dressed in white and a band playing gay tunes. The tune they played oftenest for funeral processions that year was 'Happy Days Are Here Again'. During a day you were almost never out of sound of it, for people were dying in great numbers and there were said to be four hundred millionaires living on the Island besides whatever millionaires were living in Kowloon. Mostly Chinese millionaries. But millionaries of all sorts. I knew many millionaires myself and we used to have lunch together at the great Chinese restaurants. They had several restaurants that are as great as any in the world and the Cantonese cooking is superb. My best friends that year were ten millionaries, all of whom I knew only by their first two initials, H.M., M.Y., T.V., H.J., and so on. All important Chinese were known in this way. Also three Chinese generals, one of whom came from Whitechapel in London and was a truly splendid man, an inspector of police ; about sis pilots for the Chinese National Aviation Company, who were making fabulous money and earning all of it and more ; a policeman ; a partially insane Australian ; a number of British officers… I had more friends, close and intimate friends, in Hong Kong than I ever had before or since… Oh, in Hong Kong the millionares had scouts all through the country. All over China… |
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Bibliography (122)
| # | Year | Bibliographical Data | Type / Abbreviation | Linked Data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1942 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Di wu zong dui. Feng Yidai yi. (Chongqing : Xin sheng tu shu wen ju gong si, 1942). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The fifth column : a play in three acts. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's Sons, 1938). 第五縱隊 |
Publication / Hem67 | |
| 2 | 1948 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di chun meng. Haimingwei zhu ; Lin Yijin yi. (Shanghai : Xi feng she fa xing, 1948). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 戰地春夢 |
Publication / LinY2 |
|
| 3 | 1949 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Mei you nü ren de nan ren. Haimingwei zuo ; Ma Yanxiang yi. (Shanghai : Chen guang chu ban gong si, 1949). (Chen guang shi jie wen xue cong shu ; 10). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. Men without women. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's Sons, 1927). 沒有女人的男人 |
Publication / Hem2 |
|
| 4 | 1949 | [Hemingway, Ernest]. Kang bo le tuo. Haiminwei zuo ; Ma Yanxiang yi. (Shanghai : Chen guang chu ban gong si f axing, 1949). (Chen guang shi jie wen xue cong shu ; 5). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929).康波勒托 | Publication / Hem46 | |
| 5 | 1949 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zai wo men de shi dai li. Haiminwei zuo ; Ma Yanxiang yi. (Shanghai : Chen guang chu ban she, 1949). (Chen guang shi jie wen xue cong shu ; 9). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. In our time : stories. (New York, N.Y. : Boni & Liveright, 1925). 在我們的時代裏 |
Publication / Hem99 | |
| 6 | 1949 |
[Parker, Dorothy]. Piao liang nü ren : Xian dai Meiguo duan pian xiao shu ji. Luo Jinan yi. (Shanghai : Chen guang chu ban gong si, 1949). (Chen guang shi jie wen xue cong shu ; 6). [Selected American short stories]. 漂亮女人 : 現代美國短篇小說集 [Enthält] : Parker, Dorothy. Piao liang nü ren. 漂亮女人 Steinbeck, John. Shu yu ren. 鼠與人 Hemingway, Ernest. Kelimenjialuo zhi xue. Übersetzung von The snows of Kilimanjaro. Anderson, Sherwood. Zhong zi. |
Publication / ParD1 | |
| 7 | 1953 |
Meiguo ming zhu duan pian xiao shuo xuan. Wu Guangjian, Zhang Menglin, Xu Weinan, Huang Yuan, Hu Zhongchi. (Xianggang : Wen yuan shu dian, 1953). (Wen yuan shi jie duan pian ming zhu yi cong). [Enthält Übersetzungen von Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ernest Hemingway, O Henry, John Steinbeck, Mark Twain]. 美国名著短篇小说选 |
Publication / Twa37 | |
| 8 | 1953 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Hai shang yu weng. Haimingwei zhuan ; Yuan Xin yi. (Gaoxiong : Shi sui, 1953). (Shi sui yi cong). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 海上漁翁 |
Publication / Hem31 | |
| 9 | 1953 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Xue shan meng. Haimingwei zhuan ; Peng Siyan yi. (Taibei : Dong fang, 1953). (Dong fang yi cong. Meiguo xian dai xiao shuo xuan ; 6). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The snows of Kilimanjaro : a long story. In : Esquire ; vol. 6, no 2 (Aug. 1936). 雪山盟 |
Publication / Hem96 | |
| 10 | 1954 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. (Tainan : Hanmingwei, 1954). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem50 |
|
| 11 | 1956 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Ri chu. Ennisite Haimingwei zhu ; Tai Lai yi. (Taibei : Quan min chu ban she, 1956). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The sun also rises. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's sons, 1926). 日出 |
Publication / Hem83 | |
| 12 | 1957 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Hai Guan yi. (Shanghai : Xin wen yi chu ban she, 1957). (Yin Han dui zhao wen xue du wu). ). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem69 | |
| 13 | 1958 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren he da hai. Haimingwei zhu ; Yu Guangzhong yi. (Taibei : Chong guang wen yi chu ban she yin xing, 1958). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人和大海 |
Publication / Hem47 | |
| 14 | 1958 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di zhong sheng. Haimingwei Ennisite ; Huang Min yi. (Tainan : Nan yi chu ban she, 1958). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. For whom the bell tolls. (New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940). 戰地鐘聲 |
Publication / Hem111 | |
| 15 | 1961 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Ri chu. Peng Siyan zhu. (Taibei : Xin lu shu ju yin xing, 1961). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The sun also rises. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's sons, 1926). 日出 |
Publication / Hem84 | |
| 16 | 1962 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Tian ya you zi lei. Haimingwei zhuan ; Dong Yixin yi. (Taibei : Yi guang, 1962). [Enthält] : Zai wo men de shi dai li. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. In our time : stories. (New York, N.Y. : Boni & Liveright, 1925). 天涯遊子淚 |
Publication / Hem90 | |
| 17 | 1965 |
Shi jie ming zhu xuan du. Bu Zhu yi zhe. (Tainan : Biao zhu, 1965). 世界名著選讀 [Enthält]. [Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 [Storm, Theodor]. Yin meng hu. Übersetzung von Storm, Theodor. Immensee. In : Volksbuch für Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg auf das Jahr 1850. = (Berlin : Duncker, 1851). 茵夢湖 [Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von]. Shao nian wei te zhi fan nao. Übersetzung von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Die Leiden des jungen Werther. (Leipzig : Weyand, 1774). 少年維特之煩惱 |
Publication / Hem16 | |
| 18 | 1965 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Duan pian xiao shuo xuan yi ji. Haimingwei deng zhu ; Wang Rui yi. (Taibei : Da xia wen hua chu ban she, 1965). [Übersetzung berühmter Short stories von Hemingway]. 短篇小說選譯集 |
Publication / Hem25 | |
| 19 | 1966 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di chun meng. Haimingwei yuan zhu ; Tan Zhongxia yi ; Ding Ge gai xie. (Xingzhou : Xingzhou shi jie shu ju you xian gong si, 1966). (Shi jie wen xue ming zhu yi xie). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 戰地春夢 |
Publication / Hem109 | |
| 20 | 1967 | Hemingway, Ernest. By-line : Ernest Hemingway : selected articles and dispatches of four decades. (New York, N.Y. : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1967). | Publication / Hem5 | |
| 21 | 1968 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Ai zhi mi. Bian Minghao yi. (Taibei : Taiwan xue sheng shu ju, 1968). (Jin dai wen xue yi cong ; 1, 5). [Übersetzung ausgewählter Short stories von Hemingway]. 愛之謎 |
Publication / Hem18 | |
| 22 | 1968 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Haimingwei xiao shuo xuan. Haimingwei zhuan ; Xu Wenda yi. (Taibei : Zhi wen chu ban she yin xing, 1968). (Xin chao wen ku ; 10). [Übersetzung ausgewählter Short stories von Hemingway]. 海明威小說選 |
Publication / Hem42 | |
| 23 | 1968 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zhuan ; Huan you shi jie bas hi ri. (Taibei : Da fang chu ban she, 1968). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem63 |
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| 24 | 1969 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di chun meng. Haimingwei zhu ; Ye Tianhua bian xie. (Xianggang : Ying yu chu ban she, 1969). (Shi jie wen xue ming zhu jie yi cong shu). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 戰地春夢 |
Publication / YeT2 |
|
| 25 | 1969 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren he da hai. Wan Yinkai yi. (Taibei : Wen you, 1969). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人和大海 |
Publication / Hem48 | |
| 26 | 1970 |
Luyisi. Maomu [Somerset Maugham] deng zhu [et al.] ; Fei Huang yi. (Tainan : Hua ming, 1970). (Da da wen ku ; 8). [Enthält : 13 Short stories von Katherine Mansfield, Somerset Maugham, Ernest Hemingway, Erskine Caldwell, John Steinbeck, Sherwood Anderson, Willa Cather, Guy de Maupassant, Franz Kafka, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov]. 露意絲 |
Publication / Mans34 |
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| 27 | 1970 | Hemingway, Ernest. Islands in the stream. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner ; London : Collins, 1970). | Publication / Hem12 |
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| 28 | 1970 |
He, Xin. Haimingwei chuan zuo lun. (Taibei : Chong guang wen yi chu ban she, 1970). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 海明威創作論 |
Publication / Hem134 | |
| 29 | 1971 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Tai yang yi jiu shang sheng. Haimingwei zhuang ; Lin Lin yi. (Taibei : Hei ma, 1971). (Hei ma ming zhu xin yi ; 2). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The sun also rises. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's sons, 1926). 太陽依舊上昇 |
Publication / Hem89 | |
| 30 | 1971 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Wan liu zhong de dao yu. Haimingwei zhuan ; He Xin yi. (Taibei : Qi shi nian dai, 1971). (Qi shi nian dai cong shu ; 10). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. Islands in the Stream. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1970). 灣流中的島嶼 |
Publication / Hem91 | |
| 31 | 1971 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Xi liu wan zhong de dao yu. Haimingwei yuan zhu ; Hai E yi. Vol. 1-2. (Taibei : Qing liu, 1971). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. Islands in the Stream. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1970). 溪流灣中的島嶼 |
Publication / Hem95 | |
| 32 | 1972 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Haimingwei duan pian xiao shuo xuan. Liao Qiying yi. (Taibei : Zheng wen shu ju, 1972). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The snows of Kilimanjaro and other stories. (Harmondsworth : Penguin Books, 1970). 海明威短篇小說選 |
Publication / Hem38 | |
| 33 | 1972 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Hanmingwei zhu ; Lu Jinhui bian yi. (Taibei : Da zhong shu ju, 1972). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem70 | |
| 34 | 1972 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Ri chu. Haimingwei zhao ; Lin Lin yi. (Taibei : Lin bai, 1972). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The sun also rises. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's sons, 1926). 日出 |
Publication / Hem82 | |
| 35 | 1972 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Shi luo de yi dai : 1921-1926 Bali sheng huo dian di. Haimingwei zhu ; Tan Zhijing yi. (Taibei : Chen zhong, 1972). (Chen zhong xin kan ; 28). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A moveable feast. (New York, N.Y. : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1964). 失落的一代 : 1921-1926巴黎生活點滴 |
Publication / Hem86 | |
| 36 | 1972 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Wen xue xin shang ru men = An approach to literature. Heimingwei deng yuan zhu zhe ; Chen Shuangjun yi ping zhe. Vol. 1-2. (Taibei : Dai Xinmin, 1972). [Übersetzung von Short stories von Hemingway in Chinese and English]. 文學欣賞入門 |
Publication / Hem94 | |
| 37 | 1972 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di chun meng. Haimingwei zhu ; Tang Xinmei yi. (Xianggang : Jin ri shi jie chu ban she, 1972). (Meiguo wen xue ming zhu xuan ji ; L7). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 戰地春夢 |
Publication / Hem103 | |
| 38 | 1973 |
[Parker, Dorothy]. Piao liang nü ren. Paike. (Taibei : Shui niu, 1973). (Shui niu xin kan ; 13). [Original-Titel nicht gefunden]. 漂亮女人 [Enthält] : [Steinbeck, John]. Shu yu ren. Sitanbeike. Übersetzung von Steinbeck, John. Of mice and men. (New York, N.Y. : Covici-Friede, 1937). 鼠與人 [Hemingway, Ernest]. Ke li men jia luo zhi xue. Haimingwei. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The snows of Kilimanjaro : a long story. In : Esquire ; vol. 6, no 2 (Aug. 1936). [Anderson, Sherwood]. Zhong zi. Andesheng. 種子 [Original-Titel nicht gefunden]. |
Publication / Hem13 | |
| 39 | 1973 |
Shi jie wen xue ming zhu jian shang. Cai Wenfu deng ping. (Taibei : Li ming, 1973). (Li ming wen cong ; 15). 世界文學名著鑑賞 [Enthält] : [Remarque, Erich Maria]. Kai xuan men. Leimake zhuan. Übersetzung von Remarque, Erich Maria. Arc de triomphe : Roman. (München : Desch, 1945). 凱旋門 [London, Jack]. Xue hu. Jieke Lundun zhuan. Übersetzung von London, Jack. White fang. (New York, N.Y. : Macmillan, 1906). 雪虎 [Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zhuan. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 [Gomikawa, Junpei]. Ren jian de tiao jian. Wuwei Chuanchunping zhuan. Übersetzung von Gomikawa, Junpei. Ningen no joken [The human condition]. 人間的條件 [Cather, Willa]. Wo de Andongniya. Weila Kaise zhuan. Übersetzung von Cather, Willa. My Antonia. (Boston : H. Mifflin, 1918). 我的安東妮亞 |
Publication / Hem17 | |
| 40 | 1973 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Chun chao. Haimingway zhu ; Chen Shuangjun yi. (Tainan : Wang jia, 1973). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The torrents of spring : a romantic novel in honor of the passing of a great race. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1926). 春潮 |
Publication / Hem19 | |
| 41 | 1973 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zhuan ; Shang Shi yi. (Taibei : Yi shi shu ju yin xing, 1973). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem66 | |
| 42 | 1973 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di chun meng. Haimingwei ; Xu Xiaomei yi. (Tainan : Xin shi ji chu ban she yin xing, 1973). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 戰地春夢 |
Publication / Hem104 | |
| 43 | 1974 |
[Faulkner, William ; Hemingway, Ernest]. Fan yi yu chuang zuo. Fukena, Haimingwei deng zhu ; Yan Yuanshu yi zhu. (Taibei : Zhi wen chu ban she, 1974). (Xin chao wen ku ; 93). [Übersetzung von Short stories von Faulkner und Hemingway]. 翻譯與創作 |
Publication / Faul8 | |
| 44 | 1975 |
Duan pian xiao shuo ji jin. Huosang deng zhu ; Wei Wei deng yi. (Xianggang : Jin ri shi jie chu ban she, 1975. [Chinese and English]. 短篇小說集錦 [Enthält] : [Hawthorne, Nathaniel]. Qing chun zhi quan. Huosang zhu. Übersetzung von Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Dr. Heidegger's experiment. = The fountain of yonder. In : The Knickerbocker magazine (1837). In : Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Twice-told tales. (Boston : American Stationers Co. ; John B. Russell, 1837)青春之泉 [Melville, Herman]. Lu shi Batuobi. Mei'erwei'er zhu. Übersetzung von Melville, Herman. Bartleby the scrivener : a story of Wall-Street. In : Putnam's Monthly Magazine ; vol. 2, no 11 (Nov. 1853). 錄事巴托比 [Stockton, Frank R.]. Nü ren yu lao hu. Shituokedun zhu. Übersetzung von Stockton, Frank R. The lady, or the tiger ? In : Century magazine ; Nov. (1882). 女人與老虎 [Hemingway, Ernest]. Wo ba ba. Haimingwei zhu. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. My old man. In : The golden book magazine ; vol. 20, no 120 (Dec. 1934). 我爸爸 |
Publication / HawN1 | |
| 45 | 1975 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Haimingwei xiao shuo xuan. Haimingwei zhu ; Xu Wenjin yi. (Taibei : Zhi wen, 1975). (Xin chao wen ku ; 10). [Übersetzung ausgewählter Short stories von Hemingway]. 海明威小說選 |
Publication / Hem43 | |
| 46 | 1978 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zhu ; Song Biyun yi. (Taibei : Yuan jing chu ban shi ye gong si, 1978). (Shi jie wen xue chuan ji ; 22). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem49 | |
| 47 | 1978 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei ; Zhang Taixi yi. (Taibei : Zheng wen, 1978). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem59 | |
| 48 | 1978 | [Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di chun meng. Haimingwei zhu ; Song Biyun yi. (Taibei : Yuan jing chu ban, 1978). (Shi jie wen xue quan ji ; 27). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 戰地春夢 | Publication / Hem105 | |
| 49 | 1979 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Ri chu. Haimingwei zhu ; Liu Hanwen yi. (Tainan : Zong he, 1979). (Shi jie wen xue ming zhu ; 13). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The sun also rises. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's sons, 1926). 日出 |
Publication / Hem81 | |
| 50 | 1980-1985 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Qilimazhaluo de xue. Haimingwei ; Tang Yongkuan yi. In : Wai guo xian dai pai zuo pin xuan. Vol. 4 [ID D16726].Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The snows of Kilimanjaro : a long story. In : Esquire ; vol. 6, no 2 (Aug. 1936). 乞力马扎罗的雪 |
Publication / YuanK2.76 |
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| 51 | 1980 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Hu die yu tan ke. Ounaisite Heimingwei zhu ; Yang Naidong yi. (Teibei : Zhi wen, 1980). (Xin chao wen ku ; 241. Heimingwei duan pian quan ji ; 4). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The butterfly and the tank. In : Esquire ; vol. 10, no 6, no 61 (Dec. 1938). 蝴蝶與坦克 |
Publication / Hem45 | |
| 52 | 1980 | [Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zhu ; Guo li zhong yangtu shu guan tai wan fen guan zhi zuo. (Taibei : Guo ji wen hua chu ban Taibei xian zhong he shi, 1980). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952).老人與海 | Publication / Hem51 |
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| 53 | 1980 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Hua Yong bian ji. (Tainan : Da qian chu ban shi ye gong si, 1980). (Er tong yi zhi du wu zhuan ji ; 7). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem62 | |
| 54 | 1980 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Mei you nü ren de nan ren : Haimingwei duan pian quan ji zhi san. Haimingway zhu ; Yang Naidong yi. (Taibei : Zhi wen, 1980). (Xin chao wen ku ; 22). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. Men without women. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's Sons, 1927). 少年網路作家海明威 : 少年作家尼克的故事 |
Publication / Hem75 | |
| 55 | 1980 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Sheng li zhe yi wu shuo huo. Ennisite Haimingwei zhu ; Yang Naidong yi. (Taibei : Zhi wen chu ban she, 1980). (Xin chao wen ku. Haimingwei duan pian quan ji ; 2, 226). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. Winner take nothing. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's Sons, 1933). 勝利者一無所獲 |
Publication / Hem85 | |
| 56 | 1981 | Hemingway, Ernest. Selected letters 1917-1961. Ed. by Carlos Baker. (London : Granada, 1981). | Publication / Hem4 | |
| 57 | 1981-1982 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Haimingwei = Ernest Hemingway 1954. Nuobei'er wen xue jiang quan ji bian yi wei yuan hui bian yi. Vol. 1-2. (Taibei : Jiu wu wen hua chu ban, 1981-1982. (Nuobei'er wen xue jiang xuan ji ; 61-62). 海明威 [Enthält] : Tai yang yi jiu shang sheng. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The sun also rises. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's sons, 1926). 太陽依舊上昇 Wo men de shi dai. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. In our time : stories. (New York, N.Y. : Boni & Liveright, 1925). 我們的時代 Sha ren zhe. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The killers. In : Scribner's magazine ; vol. 81, no 3 (March 1927). 殺人者 Lao ren yu hai. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952) 老人與海 Xue shan meng. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The snows of Kilimanjaro : a long story. In : Esquire ; vol. 6, no 2 (Aug. 1936). 雪山盟 |
Publication / Hem32 |
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| 58 | 1981 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Haimingwei duan pian xiao shuo xuan. Lu Jin deng yi. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1981). [Übersetzung von Short stories von Hemingway]. 海明威短篇小说选 |
Publication / Hem36 | |
| 59 | 1981 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zhu ; Luo Luojia yi. (Taibei : Zhi wen, 1981). (Xin chao wen ku ; 228). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem65 | |
| 60 | 1981 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di chun meng. Haimingwei zhuan. (Taizhong : Ceng wen, 1981). (Shi jie wen xue ming zhu ; 4). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 戰地春夢 |
Publication / Hem100 |
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| 61 | 1981 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di chun meng ; Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zhu ; Song Biyun yi. (Taibei : Yuan jing, 1981). (Nuobei'er wen xue jiang quan ji ; 32). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 戰地春夢 ; 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem102 | |
| 62 | 1982 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di zhong sheng. De Wei. (Beijing : Di zhi chu ban she, 1982). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. For whom the bell tolls. (New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940). 戰地鐘聲 |
Publication / Hem113 | |
| 63 | 1982 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Sang zhong wei shui er ming. Ouneisite Haimingwei zhu ; Cheng Zhongrui, Cheng Bide yi ; Wang Yongnian jiao. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1982). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. For whom the bell tolls. (New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940). 丧钟为谁而鸣 |
Publication / Hem133 | |
| 64 | 1982 |
Si de kuang wei. Shashibiya, Haimingwei, Fuloubei, Make Tuwen, Tuo'ersitai, Hexuli, Tang'enbi, Shitanbeike, Sandao Youjifu ; Xu Jinfu yi. (Taibei : Zhi wen chu ban she, 1982). (Xin chao wen ku ; 268). Übersetzung von We are but a moment's sunlight; understanding death. Ed. by Charles S. Adler, Gene Stanford, Sheila Morrissey Adler. (New York, N.Y. : Pocket Books, 1976). [William Shakespeare, Ernest Hemingway, Gustave Flaubert, Mark Twain, Leo Tolstoy, Aldous Huxley, Arnold Joseph Toynbee, John Steinbeck. Experience of death]. 死的況味 |
Publication / Tol124 | |
| 65 | 1983-1984 |
Nuobei'er wen xue jiang quan ji. Chen Yingzhen zhu bian. (Taibei : Yuan jing chu ban shi ye gong si, 1983-1984. 諾貝爾文學奬全集 [Enthält] : Vol. 9 : Romain Rolland. Vol. 12 : Knut Hamsun. Vol. 23 : Pearl S. Buck. Vol. 26 : André Gide. Vol. 28 : William Faulkner. Vol. 32 : Ernest Hemingway. Vol. 34 : Albert Camus. Vol. 35 : Boris Pasternak. |
Publication / Hem15 | |
| 66 | 1983 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Di wu zong dui ji qi ta. Haimingwei zhu ; Feng Yidai yi. (Nanchang : Jiangxi ren min chu ban she, 1983). (Bai hua zhou wen ku ; 2). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The butterfly and the tank. In : Esquire ; vol. 10, no 6, no 61 (Dec. 1938). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the bridge. In : Ken ; vol. 1, no 4 (May 19, 1938). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The fifth column : a play in three acts. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's Sons, 1938). 第五纵队及其他 |
Publication / Hem23 | |
| 67 | 1983 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Gao Huiyun bian yi. (Hong Kong : Ya yuan chu ban she, 1983). (Shi jie ming zhu fan yi). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem68 | |
| 68 | 1983 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di chun meng. Haimingwei zhuan ; Yang Ming yi. (Taibei : Xin lu, 1983). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 戰地春夢 |
Publication / Hem108 | |
| 69 | 1984 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Nike ya dang si de gu shi. Haimingwei yuan zhu. (Taiwan : Taiwan ying wen za zhi she, 1984). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The Nick Adams stories. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1972). 尼克,亞當斯的故事 |
Publication / Hem78 |
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| 70 | 1984 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Qie si zhao yang you zhao jun. (Taibei : Yuan shan, 1984). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The sun also rises. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's sons, 1926). 妾似朝陽又照君 |
Publication / Hem80 |
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| 71 | 1985 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Haimingwei hui yi lu. Sun Qiang yi. (Hengzhou : Zhejiang wen yi chu ban she, 1985). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A moveable feast. (New York, N.Y. : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1964). 海明威回忆录 |
Publication / Hem37 | |
| 72 | 1985 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Haimingwei tan chuan zuo. Dong Hengxun bian xuan. (Beijing : Sheng huo, du shu, xin zhi san lian shu dian, 1985). (Wen ha sheng huo yi gong ; 8). [Übersetzung von Texten von Hemingway]. 海明威谈创作 |
Publication / Hem40 | |
| 73 | 1985 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zhu ; Dun huang shu ju bian ji bu yi. (Taibei : Dun huang, 1985). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem58 |
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| 74 | 1985 |
[Hemingway, Ernest ; Hugo, Victor]. Lao ren yu hai ; Gu xing lei. (Tainan : Shi yi shu ju, 1985). (Xue sheng you liang du wu ; 49). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). Übersetzung von Hugo, Victor. Les misérables. Vol. 1-5. (Paris : Pagnerre, 1862). 老人與海 / 孤星淚 |
Publication / Hem61 |
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| 75 | 1985 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di chun meng. Haimingwei zhu ; Chen Huanlai yi. (Taibei : Yi qun tu shu, 1985). (Ming pian ming zhu quang ji). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 戰地春夢 |
Publication / Hem107 | |
| 76 | 1986 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Nike de gu shi : Haimingwei. Haimingwei zhu ; Yang Naidong yi. (Taibei : Zhi wen, 1986). (Xin chao wen ku ; 242). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The Nick Adams stories. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1972). 尼克的故事 : 海明威 |
Publication / Hem77 | |
| 77 | 1986 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Yi dian yuan. Haimingwei zhu ; Liu Pinghua yi. (Taibei : Xi dai, 1986). (Xi dai shu xi ; 4). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The garden of Eden. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner, 1986). 伊甸園 |
Publication / Hem97 | |
| 78 | 1987 |
Meiguo wen xue. = American literature. 1987. Shandong da xue. (Shandong : Shandong da xue chu ban she, 1987). 美国文学. [Enthält] : Hemingway, Ernest. In another country. Zhan Jian yi. Cather, Willa. The sculptor's funeral. Bi Bingbin yi. Malamud, Bernard. Four stories. Zhao Zhongyuan [et al.]. Warren, Robert Penn. Wilderness. Jin Xuefei yi. Bellow, Saul. What kind of day did you live ? Yuan Yuan, Qi Zhiying yi. Updike, John. Of the farm. Wang Zhikui yi. James, Henry. The turn of the screw. Yu Xin yi. Whitman, Walt. The centenarian's story. Zhao Luorui yi. Huang, Jiade. Eugene O'Neill and his play Gold. Yang, Qishen. Introduction to the Chinese edition of "A handbook of American literature" Ouyang, Ji. Eugene O'Neill: founder of modern American drama. Guo, Jide. American drama after World War II. Wang, Yugong. Revieving "When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom'd". Meng, Xianzhong. Style of Carl Sandburg's poetry. Luo, Gouyuan. A comment on Henry Denker's novel "Error of judgement". |
Publication / One9 |
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| 79 | 1987 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zhu. (Taibei : Li ming wen hua, 1987). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem57 |
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| 80 | 1987 |
[Hemingway, Ernest ; De Amicis, Edmondo]. Lao ren yu hai. (Taibei : Hua yuan chu ban you xian gong si, 1987). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). Übersetzung von De Amicis, Edmondo. Cuore : libro per I ragazzi. (Milano : Treves, 1887). 老人與海 ; 萬里尋母 |
Publication / Hem73 | |
| 81 | 1987 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di chun meng. (Tainan : Shi yi, 1987). (Shi jie wen xue ming zhu ; 5). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 戰地春夢 |
Publication / Hem101 |
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| 82 | 1988 | [Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zhu ; Zhang Ailing yi. (Taibei : Xue sheng ying wen za zhi, 1988. (Meiguo wen xue ming zhu xuan ji ; L9). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952).老人與海 | Publication / Hem53 | |
| 83 | 1989 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Guo he ru lin. Enasite Haimingwei zhu ; Diao Shaohua, Zhao Jingnan yi. (Shenyang : Chun feng wen yi chu ban she, 1989). (Huo nian yi cong ; 1). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. Across the river and into the trees. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1950). 过河入林 |
Publication / Hem29 | |
| 84 | 1989 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Hai liu zhong de dao yu. Haimingwei zhu ; Zhong Wen yi. (Taibei : Yuan jing, 1989). (Shi jie wen xue quan ji ; 117). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. Islands in the stream. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1970). 海流中的島嶼 |
Publication / Hem30 | |
| 85 | 1990 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Da zhi lian. Haiminwei zhu ; Wu Jianguo yi. (Hefei : Anhui wen yi chu bna she, 1990). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. Islands in the stream. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1970). 岛之恋 |
Publication / Hem21 | |
| 86 | 1990 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di chun meng. Haimingwei zhu ; Tang Yumei zhu bien. (Taibei : Zhonghua min guo Taibei Shi Nan'gang, 1990). (Shi jie wen xue ming zhu). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 戰地春夢 |
Publication / Hem106 | |
| 87 | 1991 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Nuobei'er jiang xiao shuo jing xuan = Choice stories by Nobel prize winners. Haimingwei deng zhu ; Xie Dejin zhu bian. (Taibei : Yang ming shu ju, 1991). (Yang ming wen gu ; 2). 諾貝爾奬小說選 |
Publication / Hem39 | |
| 88 | 1991 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. (Taibei : Fu xin shu ju, 1991). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952).老人與海 [Text in Chinesisch und Englisch]. |
Publication / Hem54 |
|
| 89 | 1991 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Chen Zhongping yi. (Tainan : Da xia chu ban she, 1991). (Ta-shia English-Chinese library. Ying Han tui chao). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem55 | |
| 90 | 1991 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zhu ; Wen xiang shu ju bian jib u bian yi. (Tainan : Wen xiang zong dai li, 1991). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem64 |
|
| 91 | 1993 | [Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zuo zhe ; Qiu Yanbin gai xie ; Cai Yuanhuang zhu bian. (Taibei : Han yi se yan wen hua shi ye you xian gong si, 1993). (Qing shao nian bi du shi jie wen xue ming zhu ; 2). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 | Publication / Hem52 | |
| 92 | 1993 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zhu. (Taibei : Wan xiang, 1993). (Wan xiang wen ku ; 15). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem56 |
|
| 93 | 1993 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Nike chuan qi gu shi. Haimingwei zhu. (Taibei : Lin yu wen hua shi ye you xian gong si, 1993). (Xin bian shi jie wen xue ming zhu ; 20). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The Nick Adams stories. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1972). 尼克傳奇故事 |
Publication / Hem76 |
|
| 94 | 1994 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Haimingwei zuo pin jing cui. Haimingwei ; Xiong Jun. (Shijiazhuang : Hebei jiao yu chu ban she, 1994). (Shi jie wen xue bo lan cong shu). [Übersetzung der wichtigsten Werken von Hemingway]. 海明威作品精粹 [Enthält] : 13 Short stories, 5 Romane, Theaterstücke. |
Publication / Hem44 | |
| 95 | 1994 |
[Hasek, Jaroslav]. Hao bing Shuaike di qi yu. Ya Haxieke zhui ; Sun Youjun suo xie. (Beijing : Hua xia chu ban she, 1994). (Wai guo chang pian xiao shuo ming zhu jing cui). Übersetzung von Hasek, Jaroslav. Osudy dobrého vojáka Svejka za svetové války. Vol. 1-6. (Praha : K. Synek, 1926-1927). = Hasek, Jaroslav. Der brave Soldat Schwejk : seine Abenteuer in 17 Bildern. Nach Jaroslav Haschek von Max Brod und Hans Reimann. (Berlin : Verlag "Die Schmiede", 1928). 好兵帅克的奇遇 [Enthält] : [Remarque, Erich Maria]. Xi xian wu zhan shi. Leimake zhu. Liu Heng suo xie. Übersetzung von Remarque, Erich Maria. Im Westen nichts Neues. (Berlin : Propyläen-Verlag, 1929). 西線無戰事 [Lawrence, D.H.]. Chatailai fu ren de qing ren. Dai He Laolunsi zhu. Shi Zhongshan suo xie. Übersetzung von Lawrence, D.H. Lady Chatterley's lover. (Firenze : Tipografia Giuntina, 1928). 查泰萊夫人的情人 [Hemingway, Ernest]. Sang zhong wie shui er ming. Zhu Sujin suo xie. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. For whom the bell tolls. (New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940).丧钟为谁而鸣 |
Publication / Has8 | |
| 96 | 1995 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Duan pian xiao shuo quan ji. Chen Liangting deng yi. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1995). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The complete short stories of Ernest Hemingway. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1993). (The Finca Vigia edition). 短篇小说全集 |
Publication / Hem24 | |
| 97 | 1995 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Haimingwei duan pian xiao shuo quan ji. Chen Liangting deng yi. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1995). [Übersetzung der vollständigen Short stories von Hemingway]. 海明威 海明威短篇小说全集 |
Publication / Hem34 | |
| 98 | 1995 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Haimingwei duan pian xiao shuo chuan ji. Cai Hui yi. Vol. 1-2. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1995). [Übersetzung ausgewählter Short stories von Hemingway]. 短篇小說選集 |
Publication / Hem35 | |
| 99 | 1995 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Haimingwei wen ji : He shang di jue dou de lao niu zai. Haimingwei zhu ; Wang Xiuzhen yi. Vol. 1-2. (Changchun : Shi dai wen yi chu ban she, 1995). (Shi jie ming zhu zhen cang ben). 海明威文集 : 和上帝决斗的老牛仔 [Enthält] : Lao ren yu hai. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 Yong bie le, wu qi. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 永别了武器 Yi dian yuan. Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The garden of Eden. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner, 1986). 伊甸園 |
Publication / Hem41 | |
| 100 | 1996 |
National Library of Australia. Trove. Ernest Hemingway. http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/result?l-publictag=Ernest%20Hemingway%201899-1961. |
Publication / Hem1 |
|
| 101 | 1996 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di zhong sheng. Haimingwei yuan zhu ; Song Biyun yi. (Taibei : Gui guan, 1996). (Gui guan shi jie wen xue ming zhu ; 98). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. For whom the bell tolls. (New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940). 戰地鐘聲 |
Publication / Hem110 | |
| 102 | 1996 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di zhong sheng. (Tainan : Zhuan zhe, 1996). (Shi jie wen xue ming zhu). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. For whom the bell tolls. (New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940). 戰地鐘聲 |
Publication / Hem112 |
|
| 103 | 1996 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di zhong sheng. Ounisi Haimingwei ; Liu Ruimian yi. (Taibei : Di yin, 1996). (Ounisi Haimingwei yuan shi jie zhen cang ming pian dui bai xuan ji ; 39). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. For whom the bell tolls. (New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940). 戰地鐘聲 |
Publication / Hem114 | |
| 104 | 1996 |
[Nichols, Dudley ; Hemingway, Ernest]. Zhan di zhong sheng = For whom the bell tolls. Dudeli Nikesi bian ju ; Ounisi Haimingwei yuan zhu ; Liu Ruimian yi. (Taibei : Di yin chuan bo chu ban Taibei xian xin dian shi, 1996). (Shi jie zhen cang ming pian dui bai xuan ji ; 39). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. For whom the bell tolls. (New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940). [Drehbuch]. 戰地鐘聲 |
Publication / Hem131 | |
| 105 | 1997 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Bide Weierde bian ju ; Ounisi Haimingwei yuan zhu ; Liu Ruimian yi. (Taibei : Di yin chuan bo chu ban, 1997). (Shi jie zhen cang ming pian dui bai xuan ji ; 44). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). [Drehbuch von Peter Viertel, 1957]. 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem72 | |
| 106 | 1998 |
Wen xue xin lu : Ying Mei ming jia fang tan lu. Shan Dexing bian yi. (Taibei : Shu lin chu ban gong si, 1998). (Wen xue cong shu; 7). [Interviews aus Paris review mit Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, Ezra Pound, Marianne Moore, T.S. Eliot, Robert Lowell, E.M. Forster, Aldous Huxley, William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Ralph Ellison, Norman Mailer]. 文學心路 : 英美名家訪談錄 |
Publication / ShanD1 |
|
| 107 | 1998 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai. Haimingwei zuo ; Ai Ma yi. (Taibei : Dun huang, 1998). (Dun huang shi jie wen xue ming zhu). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 |
Publication / Hem60 | |
| 108 | 1998 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Lao ren yu hai : zhan dou de ren sheng. Haimingwei zhu ; Zhou Henghong bian. (Taibei : Wan xiang, 1998). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The old man and the sea. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1952). 老人與海 : 戰鬥的人生 |
Publication / Hem71 | |
| 109 | 1998 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Papa Haimingwei : wen xue wang zhan ai lian ren sheng duan pian xiao shuo ji. Ounaisite Haimingwei zhu ; Lan ping zi wen hua bian yi xiao zu bian yi. (Taibei : Lan ping zi wen hua chu ban, 1998). (Wang lu jiang dian ; 1). [Übersetzung der gesammelten Short stories von Hemingway]. 海明威 : 文學網站.愛戀人生短篇小說集 |
Publication / Hem79 |
|
| 110 | 1999 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Dao zai wan liu zhong. Haimingwei ; Cai Hui yi. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1999). (Haimingwei wen ji). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. Islands in the stream. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1970). 岛在湾流中 |
Publication / Hem20 | |
| 111 | 1999 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Di wu zong dui ; Xibanya da di. Haimingwei zhu ; Feng Yidai, Dong Hengxun yi. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1999). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The fifth column : a play in three acts. (New York, N.Y. : C. Scribner's Sons, 1938). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The Spanish earth. (Cleveland : J.B. Savage, 1938). 第五纵队 ; 西班牙大地 |
Publication / Hem22 | |
| 112 | 1999 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Feizhou de qing shan. Zhang Jianping yi. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1999). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. Green hills of Africa. (New York, N.Y. : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1935). 非洲的靑山 |
Publication / Hem26 | |
| 113 | 1999 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Gan guan Bali : wen xue wan zhan, Haimingwei de Bali shou ji. Haimingwei zuo ; Lan ping zi wen hua bian yi xiao zu bian yi. (Taibei : Lan ping zi chu ban zhong he shi, 1999). (Wang lu wen xue jing dian ; 3). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A moveable feast. (New York, N.Y. : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1964). 感官巴黎 : 海明威的巴黎手記 |
Publication / Hem27 |
|
| 114 | 1999 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Guo he ru lin. Wang Lei yi. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1999). (Heminwei wen ji). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. Across the river and into the trees. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1950). 过河入林 |
Publication / Hem28 | |
| 115 | 1999 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Liu dong de xiang yan : Haimingwei Bali hui yi lu. Haimingwei zhu ; Cheng Han yi. (Taibei : Jiu ge chu ban she, 1999). (Jiu ge wen ku ; 912). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A moveable feast. (New York, N.Y. : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1964). 流動的饗宴 : 海明威巴黎回憶錄 |
Publication / Hem74 | |
| 116 | 1999 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Shu guang shi zhen. Jin Wen, Yang Ke yi. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1999). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. True at first light : a fictional memoir. Ed. by Patrick Hemingway. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1999). 曙光示眞 |
Publication / Hem87 | |
| 117 | 1999 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Si zai wu hou. Jin Shaoyu yi. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1999). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. Death in the afternoon. (New York, N.Y. : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932). 死在午後 |
Publication / Hem88 | |
| 118 | 1999 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Wei xian de xia tian. Haimingwei ; Zhu Wan yi. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1999). (Haimingwei wen ji). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. The dangerous summer. (New York, N.Y. : Scribner, 1985). [Geschrieben 1959-1960]. 危险的夏天 |
Publication / Hem93 | |
| 119 | 1999 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Yong bie le wu qi. Haimingwei. (Nanjing : Yilin chu ban she, 1999). (Yilin ying yu wen xue jing dian wen ku). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Ernest. A farewell to arms. In : Scribner's magazine ; Vol. 85, no 5-vol. 86, no 4 (1929). 永别了武器 |
Publication / Hem98 |
|
| 120 | 2000 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Haimingwei duan pian jie zuo xuan. Haimingwei zhu ; Qi Xiafei yi. (Taibei : Zhi wen, 2000). (Xin chao wen ku ; 385). [Übersetzung ausgewählter Short stories von Hemingway]. 海明威短篇傑作選 |
Publication / Hem33 | |
| 121 | 2000 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Wang lu Haimingwei : Haimingwei ai lian ren sheng duan pian xiao shuo ji. Haimingwei zhu ; Zhuang Yufang yi. (Taibei : Lan ping zi chu ban, 2000). (Xin ling hua yuan ; 13).[Übersetzung von Short stories von Hemingway]. 網路海明威 : 海明威愛戀人生短篇小說集 |
Publication / Hem92 | |
| 122 | 2013 |
[Hemingway, Ernest]. Nuobei'er jiang xiao shuo jing xuan. Haimingwei deng zhu ; Xie Jinde zhu bian. (Taibei : Fuxin shu ju, 1988). (Yang ming wen ku ; 2). [Choice stories by Nobel prize winners]. 諾貝爾獎小說精選 |
Publication / Hem14 |
|
Secondary Literature (57)
| # | Year | Bibliographical Data | Type / Abbreviation | Linked Data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1934 |
Shi, Zhecun. Meiguo xiao shuo zhi cheng zhang. In : Xian dai ; vol. 6 (1934). [Enthält] : Artikel über William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, u.a. Übersetzung von Faulkner, William. Elly. In : Story ; vol. 4, no. 19 (Febr. 1934). 美国小说之成长 |
Publication / Faul27 |
|
| 2 | 1950 |
Shen, Pengnian. Xin dao zao wang. (Beijing : Da zhong shu dian, 1950). [Kurze Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 新打灶王 |
Publication / Hem149 | |
| 3 | 1967 |
Meiguo xian dai qi da xiao shuo jia. William van O'Connor bian ; Zhang Ailing deng yi. (Xianggang : Jin ri shi jie chu ban she, 1967). 美國現代七大小說家 [Enthält] : Auchincloss, Louis. Edith Wharton. Zhang Ailing yi. Schorer, Mark. Sinclair Lewis. Zhang Ailing yi. Shain, Charles E. F. Scott Fitzgerald. Lin Yiliang yi. O'Connor, William van. William Faulkner. Ye Shan yi. Young, Philip. Ernest Hemingway. Zhang Ailing yi. Holman, Hough. Thomas Wolfe. Zhang Ailing yi. Hyman, Stanley Edgar. Nathanael West. Ye Shan yi. |
Publication / Faul23 | |
| 4 | 1969 |
Shen, Peishu. Peishu shi ji. (Taibei : Zhuan zhe, 1969). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 佩舒詩集 |
Publication / Hem148 | |
| 5 | 1970 |
He, Xin. Haimingwei chuan zuo lun. (Taibei : Chong guang wen yi chu ban she, 1970). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 海明威創作論 |
Publication / Hem134 | |
| 6 | 1976 |
[Hemingway, Gregory H.]. Ba ba Haimingwei. Haimingwei zhuan ; Wu Wei yi. (Taibei : Nian jian, 1976). (Chu ban jia cong shu ; 16). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Gregory H. Papa : a personal memoir. (Boston, Mass. : H. Mifflin, 1976). [Betr. Ernest Hemingway]. 爸爸海明威 |
Publication / Hem135 | |
| 7 | 1978 |
[Donaldson, Scott]. Haimingwei zhuan. Tangnaxun yuan zhu ; Xu Pin yi. (Taibei : Zhongghua ri bao she, 1978). (Zhong hua ri bao zhuan ji wen xue cong shu ; 2). Übersetzung von Donaldson, Scott. By force of will : the life and art of Ernest Hemingway. (New York, N.Y. : Viking Press, 1977). 海明威傳 |
Publication / Hem126 | |
| 8 | 1979 | Gellhorn, Martha. Travels with myself and another. (New York, N.Y. : Dodd, Mead and Co., 1979). [Kap. Mr. Ma's tigers betr. Reise in China 1941 mit Ernest Hemingway]. [Basiert auf ihren Artikeln an Collier's magazine 1941]. | Publication / Hem10 | |
| 9 | 1980 |
Haimingwei yan jiu. Dong Hengxun bian xuan. (Beijing : Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 1980). (Wai guo wen xue yan jiu zi liao cong kan). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 海明威研究 |
Publication / Hem132 | |
| 10 | 1981 |
[Baker, Carlos]. Haimingwei chuan : nian shi ji wen tan ling hun ren wu Haimingwei de yi sheng. Beike zhu ; Yang Naidong yi. (Taibei : Zhi wen, 1981). (Xin chao wen ku ; 258). Übersetzung von Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway : a life story. (New York, N.Y. : Sbribner, 1969). 海明威傳 : 廿世紀文壇靈魂人物海明威的一生 |
Publication / Hem117 | |
| 11 | 1981 |
Ha, Qinuo. Hanmingwei. Jiang Rong yi. (Taibei : Ming ren, 1981). (Ming ren weir en zhuan ji quan ji ; 43). [Biographie von Ernest Hemingway]. 漢明威 |
Publication / Hem128 | |
| 12 | 1982 |
[Hotchner, A.E.]. Haimingwei. Haqinuo zuo zhe ; Liang Shiqiu zhu bian ; Chen Zhuming cha tu. (Taibei : Ming ren chu ban shi ye gu fen you xian gong si, 1982). (Ming ren wei ren zhuan ji quan ji ; 73). Übersetzung von Hotchner, A.E. Papa Hemingway. (Philadelphia : The Saturday Evening Post, 1966). [March 12, 26, April 9 (1966)]. = (New York, N.Y. : Bantam Books, 1967). 漢明威 |
Publication / LiaS68 | |
| 13 | 1983 |
[Singer, Kurt D.]. Heimingwei zhuan. Ku Xinge zhu ; Zhou Guozhen yi. (Hangzhou : Zhejiang wen yi chu ban she, 1983). Übersetzung von Singer, Kurt D. Hemingway : life and deth of a giant. (Los Angeles, Calif. : Holloway House Pub. Co., 1961). 海明威傳 |
Publication / Hem150 | |
| 14 | 1985 | Meyer, Jeffrey. Hemingway : a biography. (New York, N.Y. : Harper & Row, 1985). | Publication / Hem3 |
|
| 15 | 1985 |
[Baker, Carlos]. Haimingwei chuan. Beike Kaluosi zhu ; Chen Anquan, Zeng Liming, Wang Zhaoyang yi. (Xianggang : Nan yue chu ban she, 1985). (Dang dai wai guo ming ren zhuan ji cong shu ; 9). Übersetzung von Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway : a life story. (New York, N.Y. : Sbribner, 1969). 海明威傳 |
Publication / Hem118 | |
| 16 | 1987 |
[Baker, Carlos]. Haimingwei : lie ren zhi si. Chen Mingyang yi zhe. (Taibei : Bei chen wen hua gu fen you xian gong si, 1987). (Shi ji ren wu chuan ji ; 10). Übersetzung von Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway : a life story. (New York, N.Y. : Sbribner, 1969). 海明威 : 獵人之死 |
Publication / Hem116 | |
| 17 | 1987 |
[Baker, Carlos]. Haimingwei chuan. Beike zhu ; Chen Anquan deng he yi. (Taibei : Gu feng, 1987). (Dang dai wai guo ming ren zhuan ji cong shu ; L006). Übersetzung von Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway : a life story. (New York, N.Y. : Sbribner, 1969). 海明威傳 |
Publication / Hem119 | |
| 18 | 1987 |
[Baker, Carlos]. Mi wang zhe de yi sheng : Haimingwei chuan. Beike zhu ; Lin Jihai yi. (Changsha : Hunan wen yi chu ban she, 1987). (Shi jie ming ren wen xue chuan ji cong shu ; 1). Übersetzung von Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway : a life story. (New York, N.Y. : Sbribner, 1969). 迷惘者的一生 : 海明威传. 上册 |
Publication / Hem120 | |
| 19 | 1987 |
Zheng, Hua. Cong nan ren dao nan zi han. (Haerbin : Bei fang wen yi chu ban she, 1987). (Ban xiao shi cong shu). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 从男人到男子汉 |
Publication / Hem123 | |
| 20 | 1987 |
Wu, Ran. Haimingwei ping zhuan. (Xi'an : Shanxi ren min chu ban she, 1987). [Biographie von Ernest Hemingway]. 海明威评传 |
Publication / Hem153 | |
| 21 | 1988 | Ting, Nai-tung. Hemingway in China. In : Sino-American relations ; vol. 14, no 2 (1988). [Enthält or allem Kürzungen aus Hemingway, Ernest. By-line ID D30438]. | Publication / Hem7 |
|
| 22 | 1988 | Gellhorn, Martha. The face of war. (New York, N.Y. : Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988). Pt. 3 : War in China. | Publication / Hem8 | |
| 23 | 1988 | Gilenson, B. Hemingway in China. In : Far Eastern affairs ; no 6 (1988). | Publication / Hem9 |
|
| 24 | 1988 |
Diao, Shaohua. Haimingwei, 1899-1961. (Shenyang : Liaoning ren min chu ban she, 1980). (Wai guo wen xue ping jie cong shu ; 1). [Biographie von Ernest Hemingway]. 海明威, 1899-1961 |
Publication / Hem125 | |
| 25 | 1990 |
[Meyers, Jeffrey]. Haimingwei chuan. Jiefuli Maiyesi zhu ; Xiao Yaoxian yi. (Beijing : Zhongguo zhuo yue chu ban gong si, 1990). Übersetzung von Meyers, Jeffrey. Hemingway : a biography. (New York, N.Y. : Harper & Row, 1985). 海明威傳 |
Publication / Hem145 | |
| 26 | 1990 |
Qiu, Pingrang. Haimingwei yan jiu zai Zhongguo = The study of E. Hemingway in China. Qiu Pingrang bian zhu. (Ha'erbin : Heilongjiang jiao yu chu ban she, 1990). (Kai fang zong shu. Si xiang wen hua xi lie). 海明威研究在中国 |
Publication / Hem146 | |
| 27 | 1990 |
Yang, Renjing. Haimingwei zai Zhongguo = Ernest Hemingway in China. (Xiamen : Xiamen da xue chu ban she, 1990). (Nan qiang cong shu). 海明威在中国 Abstract : http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hemingway+in+China.-a018318092 |
Publication / Hem155 | |
| 28 | 1992 |
[Hemingway, Leicester]. Wo de ge ge Haimingwei. Haimingwei ; Wu Ran yi. (Beijing : Zhongguo wen lian chu ban gong si, 1992). Übersetzung von Hemingway, Leicester. My brother, Ernest Hemingway. (Cleveland, Ohio : World Publ. Co, 1962). 我的哥哥海明威 |
Publication / Hem136 | |
| 29 | 1993 |
Luo, Guanghan. Haimingwei : yi ge xian dai shen hua. (Guilin : Lijiang chu ban she, 1993). [Ernest Hemingway : A modern fairy tale]. 海明威 : 一个现代神话 |
Publication / Hem130 | |
| 30 | 1993 |
[Hotchner, A.E.]. Haimingwei yu hai. A.E. Huoqiena ; Jiang Hongding, Bo Chengpeng, Li Ge yi. (Guilin : Lijiang chu ban she, 1993). Übersetzung von Hotchner, A.E. Papa Hemingway. (Philadelphia : The Saturday Evening Post, 1966). [March 12, 26, April 9 (1966)]. = (New York, N.Y. : Bantam Books, 1967). 海明威與海 |
Publication / Hem137 | |
| 31 | 1993 |
Jiang, Weijie ; Xiong, Guosheng. Da bu kua de ying han : Haimingwei ping zhuan. (Haikou : Hainan chu ban she, 1993). (Shi jie wen xue ping jie cong shu ; 6). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 打不垮的硬漢海明威評傳 |
Publication / Hem140 | |
| 32 | 1993 |
Lin, Guangze. Ren de qiu cun ren de kang zheng : Haimingwei jing shen yu chuang zuo. (Chengdu : Cheng dou ke ji da xue chu ban she, 1993). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 人的求存人的抗争 : 海明威精神与创作 |
Publication / Hem141 | |
| 33 | 1996 |
[Cooperman, Stanley]. Ouneisite Haimingwei de Lao ren yu hai. Liu Yun'gen, Wang Baoling yi. (Beijing : Wai yu jiao xue yu yan jiu chu ban she, 1996). (Shi jie jing dian wen xue zuo pin shang xi). Übersetzung von Cooperman, Stanley. Hemingway's The old man and the sea : a critical commentary. (New York, N.Y. : Monarch Press, 1965). [Chinesisch und Englisch]. 歐內斯特海明威的老人與海 |
Publication / Hem124 | |
| 34 | 1996 |
[Donaldson, Scott]. Eneisite Haimingwei. (Shanghai : Shanghai wei yu jiao yu chu ban she, 2000). (Jian qiao wen xue zhi nan). Übersetzung von Donaldson, Scott. The Cambridge companion to Hemingway. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1996). 厄内斯特海明威 |
Publication / Hem129 | |
| 35 | 1996 |
Jiang, Weijie. Haimingwei. (Beijing : Guo ji wen hua chu ban gong si, 1996). (Shi jie li shi ming ren cong shu). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 海明威 |
Publication / Hem139 | |
| 36 | 1996 |
Yang, Renjing. Haimingwei chuan. (Taibei : Ye qiang, 1996). (Wai guo wen hua ming ren zhuan ji ; 18). [Biographie von Ernest Hemingway]. 海明威傳 |
Publication / Hem156 | |
| 37 | 1996 |
Zhao, Xiaoyun. Haimingwei. (Beijing : Zhongguo ji guang bo chu ban she, 1996). (Waiguo li shi ren wu chong shu). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 海明威 |
Publication / Hem159 | |
| 38 | 1997 |
Wen xue xing zhe : Haimingwei. A Yu, Ze Hua bian zhu. (Beijing : Beijing tu shu guan chu ban she, 1997). (Shi ji ren wu zhuan jig u shi cong shu ; 2). (Shi ji ren wu zhuan ji gu shi cong shu.; 2). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 文学行者 : 海明威 |
Publication / Hem115 | |
| 39 | 1997 |
Jiang, Weidong ; Lin, Qian. Haimingwei de qing shao nian shi dai. (Beijing : Xian dai chu ban she, 1997). (Zhong wie ming ren de qing shao nian shi dai xi lie cong shu. Wen xue jia juan). [Biographie von Ernest Hemingway]. 海明威的青少年时代 |
Publication / Hem138 | |
| 40 | 1997 |
[Lynn, Kenneth Schuyler]. Haimingwei. Kennisi S. Lin'en zhu ; Ren Xiaojin deng yi. (Beijing : Zhong yang bian yi chu ban she, 1997). Übersetzung von Lynn, Kenneth Schuyler. Hemingway. (New York, N.Y. : Simon and Schuster, 1987). 海明威 |
Publication / Hem142 | |
| 41 | 1998 |
Zhu, Yan. Haimingwei, Fukena, E'pudaike : Meiguo xiao shuo chan lun. (Taibei : Jiu ge chu ban she you xian gong si, 1998). (Jiu ge wen ku ; 495). [Critical commentaries on American fiction : Ernest Hemingway; William Faulkner; John Updike]. 海明威福克納厄卜代克 : 美國小說闡論 |
Publication / Hem122 | |
| 42 | 1998 |
[McDaniel, Melissa]. Ouneisite Haimingwei. Maike Danier ; Wu Chaoying yi. (Beijing : Shi jie zhi shi chu ban she, 1998). (Cheng jiu hui huang de can ji ren cong shu). Übersetzung von McDaniel, Melissa. Ernest Hemingway. (New York, N.Y. : Chelsea House Publishers, 1996). 欧内斯特•海明威 |
Publication / Hem143 | |
| 43 | 1998 |
[Selkirk, Errol]. Haimingwei ru men. Ai'luo'er Sai'erkeke wen ; Anni Fenkesitaiyin tu ; Zhanmusi Asaiweiduo ; Yang Daosheng yi. (Beijing : Dong fang chu ban she, 1998). Übersetzung von Selkirk, Errol. Hemingway for beginners. Ill. By Anne Finkelstein and James Acevedo. (New York, N.Y. : Writers and Readers Pub., 1994). (Writers and readers documentary comic book ; 41). 海明威入门 |
Publication / Hem147 | |
| 44 | 1998 |
Wang, Musong. Haimingwei zhuan. (Shijia zhuang : Hua shan wen yi chu ban she, 1998). (Wai guo wen hua ming ren chuan ji shu cong). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 海明威传 |
Publication / Hem151 | |
| 45 | 1998 |
Zhen, Yan. Wang lu xie zuo sou xun ji. Zhen Yan bian zhu. (Taibei : Zhi da guo ji, 2000). (Xin ling hua yuan ; 14). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 網路寫作搜尋機 |
Publication / Hem160 | |
| 46 | 1998 |
Zhen, Yan. Shao nian wang lu zuo jia Haimingwei : shao nian zuo jia ni ke de gu shi. (Taibei : Lan ping zi chu ban, 1998). (Wang lu jing dian zuo jia ; 1). [Biographie von Ernest Hemingway]. 少年網路作家海明威 : 少年作家尼克的故事 |
Publication / Hem161 | |
| 47 | 1999 |
[Johnson, Paul]. Zhi shi fen zi. Baoluo Yuehanxun ; Yang Zhengrun yi. (Nanjing : Jiangsu ren min chu ban she, 1999). (Han yi ta zhong jing pin wen ku; wen hua lei). Übersetzung von Johnson, Paul. Intellectuals. (London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988). [Enthält Artikel über Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Karl Marx, Henrik Ibsen, Leo Tolstoy, Ernest Hemingway, Bertolt Brecht, Bertrand Russell, Jean-Paul Sartre, Edmund Wilson, Victor Gallancz, Lillian Hellman]. 知识分 |
Publication / Rous111 |
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| 48 | 1999 |
[Burgess, Anthony]. Haimingwei. Andongni Bojisi zhu ; Yu Guangzhao yi. (Taibei : Mao tou ying chu ban, 1999). (Zuo jia yu zuo pin xi lie ; 4). Übersetzung von Burgess, Anthony. Ernest Hemingway. (London : Thames and Hudson, 1978). 海明威 |
Publication / Hem121 | |
| 49 | 1999 |
Dong, Hengxun. Haimingwei ping zhuan. (Hangzhou : Zhejiang wen yi chu ban she, 1999). (20 shi ji wai guo jing dian zuo jia ping chuan cong shu). [Biographie von Ernest Hemingway]. 海明威评传 |
Publication / Hem127 | |
| 50 | 1999 |
Yang, Hengda. Haimingwei. (Changchun : Changchun chu ban she, 1999). (Rong deng Nuobei'er jiang tai de ju ren). [Abhandlung über Ernest Hemingway]. 海明威 |
Publication / Hem154 | |
| 51 | 1999 |
Zeng, Fanting. Gu du de xiong shi : Haimingwei zhuan. (Shijiazhuang shi : Hebei ren min chu ban she, 1999). (Shi jie shi da wen xue jia). [Biographie von Ernest Hemingway]. 孤独的雄狮海明威传 |
Publication / Hem158 | |
| 52 | 2000 |
Huang, Jinkai. Yu ju ren dui hua : ji nian Gede, Ba'erzhake, Puxijin, Haimingwei. (Beijing : Hua wen chu ban she, 2000). [Biographie von Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Honoré de Balzac, Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin, Ernest Hemingway]. 与巨人对话 : 纪念歌德巴尔扎克普希金海明威 |
Publication / BalH88 | |
| 53 | 2000 |
[Lynn, Kenneth Schuyler]. Haimingwei zhuan. Kennisi S Lin'en zhu ; Tian Enming yi. (Beijing : Zhong gong zhong yang dang xiao chu ban she, 2000). (Shi jie ming ren ming jia ming zhuan. Wen xue jia juan). Übersetzung von Lynn, Kenneth Schuyler. Hemingway. (New York, N.Y. : Simon and Schuster, 1987). 海明威傳 |
Publication / Hem144 | |
| 54 | 2000 |
Wang, Qingsong ; Yu, Qing. Make Tuwen & Haimingwei. (Shenzhen : Hai tian chu ban she, 2000). [Abhandlung über Mark Twain und Ernest Hemingway]. 马克吐温(1835-1910) |
Publication / Hem152 | |
| 55 | 2000 |
Yu, Qing. Haimingwei = Ernest Hemingway. (Xianggang : San lian shu dian you xian gong si, 2000). (Wen hua ju ren cong shu). 海明威 |
Publication / Hem157 | |
| 56 | 2006 |
Moreira, Peter. Hemingway on the China front : his WWII spy mission with Martha Gellhorn. (Washington, D.C. : Potomac Books, 2006). [Permission for quotations from Moreire, Peter. Hemingway in China by Samuel R. Dorrance, Ed. Potomac Books]. |
Publication / Hem6 | |
| 57 | 2011 |
Ernest Hemingway and Gellhorn in China, 1941. YDS : the Clare Spark blog (June 30, 2011). http://clarespark.com/2011/06/30/ernest-hemingway-and-gellhorn-in-china-1941-4/. |
Web / Hem11 |
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