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Mao, Zedong

(Shaoshan, Hunan 1893-1976 Beijing) : Politiker, Mitbegründer der Kommunistischen Partei, Staatsoberhaupt

Subjects

Communism / Marxism / Leninism / Index of Names : China / Politics

Chronology Entries (37)

# Year Text Linked Data
1 1919.09.01 Mao, Zedong. Statutes of the Problem Study Society.
Mao listed seventeen educational problems including "the problem of how to implement [John] Dewey's educational doctrine, seventeen women's problems, fifteen labor problems, eight industrial problems, seven transportation problems, nine public financial problems, five economic problems, and more than sixty other international and general human problems".
2 1920 Gründung der Xiangtan Society for the Promotion of Education durch Mao Zedong [et al.].
Mao explained his newspaper 'Xiang Jiang ping lun' : "This paper is concerned purely with academic theories and with social criticism. We do not meddle at all in practical politics.”
In the 'Declaration' of the society Mao wrote : “Education is an instrument for promoting the progress of society ; an educator is a person who utilizes this instrument… Dr. [John] Dewey of America has come to the East. His new theory of education is well worth studying".
3 1920 Vladiir Lenin schickt Grigori Voitinsky nach China um den Kommunismus in China zu starten. Er trifft die Society for the Study of Marxism gegründet von Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Zhang Guotao und Mao Zedong in Beijing. Voitinsky hilft bei der Organisation von Niederlassungen in Shanghai, Beijing, Changsha, Hankou, Guangzhou und Jinan. In Shanghai trifft er Sun Yat-sen.
  • Document: Ch'eng, T'ien-fang [Cheng, Tianfang]. A history of Sino-Russian relations. Introd. by John Leighton Stuart. (Washington D.C. : Public Affairs Press, 1957). S. 119. (ChiRus3, Publication)
  • Person: Chen, Duxiu
  • Person: Lenin, Wladimir Iljitsch
  • Person: Li, Dazhao
  • Person: Sun, Yatsen
  • Person: Voitinsky, Grigori
  • Person: Zhang, Guotao
4 1920.06.07 Letter from Mao Zedong to a friend.
"I'm reading three great contemporary philosophers : John Dewey, Bertrand Russell and Henri Bergson."
5 1934-1937 Agnes Smedley ist als Journalistin in China. Sie reist mit der Roten Armee in Shaanxi und trifft Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an (Shaanxi), wird von kommunistischen Rebellen gefangen gehalten und trifft Mao Zedong in Yan'an (Shaanxi).
6 1936 Edgar Snow besucht als erster Journalist während fünf Monaten die Rote Armee, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai und andere kommunistische Führer in Bao'an und den Höhlen von Yan'an (Shaanxi).
7 1938 Mao, Zedong. The role of the Chinese Communist Party in the Natinal war. [Report to the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Party].
Generally speaking, all Communist Party members who can do so should study the theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin, study our national history and study current movements and trends; moreover, they should help to educate members with less schooling. The cadres in particular should study these subjects carefully, while members of the Central Committee and senior cadres should give them even more attention. No political party can possibly lead a great revolutionary movement to victory unless it possesses revolutionary theory and a knowledge of history and has a profound grasp of the practical movement.
The theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin is universally applicable. We should regard it not as a dogma, but as a guide to action. Studying it is not merely a matter of learning terms and phrases but of learning Marxism-Leninism as the science of revolution. It is not just a matter of understanding the general laws derived by Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin from their extensive study of real life and revolutionary experience, but of studying their standpoint and method in examining and solving problems. Our Party's mastery of Marxism-Leninism is now rather better than it used to be, but is still far from being extensive or deep. Ours is the task of leading a great nation of several hundred million in a great and unprecedented struggle. For us, therefore, the spreading and deepening of the study of Marxism-Leninism present a big problem demanding an early solution which is possible only through concentrated effort. Following on this plenary session of the Central Committee, I hope to see an all-Party emulation in study which will show who has really learned something, and who has learned more and learned better. So far as shouldering the main responsibility of leadership is concerned, our Party's fighting capacity will be much greater and our task of defeating Japanese imperialism will be more quickly accomplished if there are one or two hundred comrades with a grasp of Marxism-Leninism which is systematic and not fragmentary, genuine and not hollow.
Another of our tasks is to study our historical heritage and use the Marxist method to sum it up critically. Our national history goes back several thousand years and has its own characteristics and innumerable treasures. But in these matters we are mere schoolboys. Contemporary China has grown out of the China of the past; we are Marxist in our historical approach and must not lop off our history. We should sum up our history from Confucius to Sun Yat-sen and take over this valuable legacy. This is important for guiding the great movement of today. Being Marxists, Communists are internationalists, but we can put Marxism into practice only when it is integrated with the specific characteristics of our country and acquires a definite national form. The great strength of Marxism-Leninism lies precisely in its integration with the concrete revolutionary practice of all countries. For the Chinese Communist Party, it is a matter of learning to apply the theory of Marxism-Leninism to the specific circumstances of China. For the Chinese Communists who are part of the great Chinese nation, flesh of its flesh and blood of its blood, any talk about Marxism in isolation from China's characteristics is merely Marxism in the abstract, Marxism in a vacuum. Hence to apply Marxism concretely in China so that its every manifestation has an indubitably Chinese character, i.e., to apply Marxism in the light of China's specific characteristics, becomes a problem which it is urgent for the whole Party to understand and solve. Foreign stereotypes must be abolished, there must be less singing of empty, abstract tunes, and dogmatism must be laid to rest, they must be replaced by the fresh, lively Chinese style and spirit which the common people of China love. To separate internationalist content from national form is the practice of those who do not understand the first thing about internationalism. We, on the contrary, must link the two closely. In this matter there are serious errors in our ranks which should be conscientiously overcome.
What are the characteristics of the present movement? What are its laws? How is it to be directed? These are all practical questions. To this day we do not yet understand everything about Japanese imperialism, or about China. The movement is developing, new things have yet to emerge, and they are emerging in an endless stream. To study this movement in its entirety and in its development is a great task claiming our constant attention. Whoever refuses to study these problems seriously and carefully is no Marxist.
  • Document: Liu, Kang. Aesthetics and marxism : Chinese aesthetic Marxists and their Western contemporaries. (Durham : Duke University Press, 2000). (LiuKa1, Publication)
  • Person: Engels, Friedrich
  • Person: Lenin, Wladimir Iljitsch
  • Person: Marx, Karl
  • Person: Stalin, Josef Wissarionovitch
8 1938-1941 Heinrich Manfred Jettmar ist Beaufragter des Völkerbundes zur Bekämpfung der Pest in Chongqing. Er macht Expeditionen nach Yan’an, wo er Mao Zedong trifft.
  • Document: Kaminski, Gerd. Von Österreichern und anderen Chinesen. (Wien : Löcker, 2011). (Berichte des Österreichischen Institutes für China- und Südostasienforschung ; Nr. 60). (KAG19, Publication)
  • Person: Jettmar, Heinrich Manfred
9 1941-1946 Robert Payne trifft während seines China-Aufenthaltes Mao Zedong in Yan'an, George C. Marshall und Chiang Kai-shek.
10 1946 Arthur F. Wright und Mary Wright reisen nach Yan'an (Shaanxi), besuchen Schulen, Spitäler und Gefängnisse und treffen Mao Zedong und Zhu De.
  • Document: Spence, Jonathan D. Chinese roundabout : essays in history and culture. (New York, N.Y. : W.W. Norton, 1992). (Spe1, Publication)
  • Person: Wright, Arthur F.
  • Person: Wright, Mary
  • Person: Zhu, De
11 1946 Anna Louise Strong ist in Yan'an (Shaanxi) um ein Interview mit Mao Zedong zu machen.
12 1948 Brecht, Bertolt. Gedanken bei einem Flug über die Grosse Mauer. In : Chinesische Gedichte (1950) [ID D12807].
Unter dem Einfluss eines Gedichtes von Mao Zedong schreibt Bertolt Brecht : Durch alle diese Wochen hindurch, halte ich im Hinterkopf den Sieg der chinesischen Kommunisten, der das Gesicht der Welt vollständig verändert. Dies ist mir ständig gegenwärtig und beschäftigt mich alle paar Stunden.

Christoph Gellner : Die revolutionären Umwälzungen im fernen China inspirieren Brecht zu einer Nachdichtung des später sehr berühmt gewordenen Gedichtes „Schnee“ von Mao Zedong. Statt wie Mao ein Heldenlied vom ‚neuen’ und ‚wahren’ Menschen anzustimmen, warnt Brecht vor der noch immer zu fürchtenden Herrschsucht und dem Machstreben der ‚grossen Herren’.

Sigfrid Hoefert. Brechts Nachdichtung von Mao Tse-tungs „Schnee“. In : Neophilologus ; Bd. 53, H. 1 (1969).
Sigfried Hoefert : Brecht schreibt in den Anmerkungen zu seinen „Chinesischen Gedichten“, dass das Gedicht eine wortgetreue Übersetzung von Wu-an und Fritz Jensen aus China siegt [ID D3984] sei. Eine solche Vorlage ist jedoch nicht vorhanden. Jensen hat 1955 in einem Sammelband die Nachdichtung „Chinesische Ode“ veröffentlicht. Sie weist eine so grosse Ähnlichkeit mit Brechts Text auf, dass man folgern kann, Brecht hat von dieser Version abgeschrieben.
  • Document: Gellner, Christoph. Weisheit, Kunst und Lebenskunst : fernöstliche Religion und Philosophie bei Hermann Hesse und Bertolt Brecht. (Mainz : Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag, 1996). (Theologie und Literatur ; Bd. 8). Diss. Univ. Tübingen, 1996. S. 246-247. (Gel2, Publication)
  • Person: Brecht, Bertolt
  • Person: Jensen, Fritz
13 1948 Jakob Rosenfeld trifft Mao Zedong und Zhou Enlai.
  • Document: Kaminski, Gerd. Von Österreichern und anderen Chinesen. (Wien : Löcker, 2011). (Berichte des Österreichischen Institutes für China- und Südostasienforschung ; Nr. 60). (KAG19, Publication)
  • Person: Rosenfeld, Jakob
  • Person: Zhou, Enlai
14 1949 Gründung der Volksrepublik und der chinesischen kommunistischen Partei. Mao Zedong übernimmt die Macht.
15 1949 Harry S. Truman entscheidet, dass Chiang Kai-shek keine Unterstützung von Amerika bekommt, er möchte mit Mao Zedong verhandeln, was dieser ablehnt.
16 1949-1950 Mao Zedong besucht Moskau. Freundschaftsvertrag zwischen der Sowjetunion / Russland und der Volksrepublik China.
  • Document: Verträge der Volksrepublik mit anderen Staaten. Hrsg. vom Institut für Asienkunde Hamburg. (Hamburg : Institut für Asienkunde, 1957-1975). (Ver, Publication)
  • Document: Quested, R.K.I. Sino-Russian relations : a short history. (Sydney : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984). S. 115. (ChiRus2, Publication)
17 1952 Seghers, Anna. Mao Tse-tung : Reden an die Schriftsteller und Künstler im Neuen China. Mit einem Nachwort von Anna Seghers. (Berlin : Henschel, 1952).
Seghers schreibt im Nachwort : Gewiss, der Künstler muss die marxistisch-leninistische Theorie studieren. Die Politik kommt aber keineswegs der Kunst gleich. Die allgemeine Weltanschauung kommt keineswegs der Methodologie des künstlerischen Schaffens gleich. Dogmatische Formeln an die Stelle von künstlerischer Gestaltung zu setzen, das heisst nicht nur die künstlerische Empfindung zerstören, sondern die Theorie des Marxismus selbst. Denn nichts ist so antimarxistisch wie ein dogmatischer Marxismus… Jahrtausendealt ist die chinesische Kunst, ein grandioses Zeugnis für das Denken und Fühlen chinesischer Menschen. Sie ist seit langem in allen Ländern studiert und bewundert worden. Doch wer war sich klar, auf welcher Grundlage sie zustandekam und was in Wirklichkeit in dem Land vorging, aus dem sie stammte ?... Er [Mao Zedong] hatte bereits mit den Seinen eine so gewaltige Strecke zurückgelegt, dass es für einen gewöhnlichen Menschen schwer vorstellbar war, was er noch bewältigen würde. Die Truppen Mao Tse-tungs wurden aber, wohin sie kamen, als Befreier des Volkes begrüsst. Sie halfen überall bei der Ernte ; sie verteilten überall den Grossgrundbesitz ; sie eröffneten Schulen in jedem Dorf. Die Bevölkerung erfuhr erst jetzt, wer Mao Tse-tung und seine Soldaten waren, die man ihnen früher als Teufel gemalt hatte. Mit unvorstellbarer Kühnheit hat dieses Volk in den letzten, kaum verflossenen Jahre Jahrtausende von Feudalgeschichte besiegelt. Er kämpfte mit seinem Volk für die Beendigung des Krieges, für ein geeintes Land, für einen Frieden in Demokratie. Wir kämpfen gegen den drohenden Krieg, für ein geeintes, friedliches, demokratisches Deutschland… Wir dürfen nicht – wie man es bei uns noch zu häufig erlebt – die fremde Situation schematisch auf unsere Verhältnisse übertragen, Wir müssen ihre Ideen anwenden…

Albrecht Richter : Mit diesen Positionen befindet sich Anna Seghers in Übereinstimmung mit Mao Zedongs diesbezüglichen Richtlinien in dessen Ansprache. Sie findet in Maos Reden offensichtlich eine Bestätigung für eigene, in jahrelangen literaturästhetischen und politischen Debatten gewonnene Standpunkte. Das Nachwort stellt damit einen China bezogenen Schlüsseltext zu wichtigen Positionen Seghers zum Kunst- und Literaturverständniss dar. Weder ihre hochentwickelte Sensibilität im Umgang mit Wort und Text und schon gar nicht der auf ihrer China-Reise gewonnene Eindruck konnten sie davor bewahren, die gefährliche Fragwürdigkeit jener Mao-Texte zu übersehen. Da zum Zeitpunkt des Erscheinens der Reden Maos in der DDR ein lebhafter gesamtgesellschaftlicher China-Diskurs im Gange war, konnte Seghers von einer relativ guten Informiertheit der interessierten (ost)-deutschen Leserschaft zur Entwicklung in China ausgehen. Sie verzichtete deshalb auf ausführliche Erklärungs-Versuche für den Inhalt der Reden. Vielmehr konzentrierte sie sich darauf, mit Hilfe der Darstellung von Elementen ihres eigenen China-Bildes und der darauf basierenden subjektiven Lesart dem Leser die Aktualität der immerhin schon zehn Jahre alten Reden plausibel zu machen… Seghers ist überzeugt, dass ein unvollständiges oder falsches China-Bild ein wirkliches Verständnis der Kunst dieses Landes verhindert. Es kann Anna Seghers kaum zum Vorwurf gemacht werden, dass sie die Dinge in China so sah, wie man es in China selbst, aber auch in der DDR von offizieller Seit aus gesehen haben wollte. Es entsprach dem Interesse der chinesischen Staats- und Parteiführung, den in den 1950er Jahren besonders zahlreich empfangenen ausländischen Berichterstattern, Schrifstellern u.a. ein China-Bild zu vermitteln, das protokollarisch bis ins Detail darauf ausgerichtet war, den ideologischen Wunschildern der chinesischen Kommunisten zu entsprechen.
  • Document: Richter, Albrecht. China und "Chinesisches" im Werk von Anna Seghers. (Chemnitz-Zwickau : Technische Universität, 1994). Diss. Technische Univ. Chemnitz-Zwickau, 1994. S. 118-138. (RiA1, Publication)
  • Person: Seghers, Anna
18 1952 Asia and Pacific Rim Peace Conference in Beijing mit einer Rede von Mao Zedong.
  • Document: Ch'eng, T'ien-fang [Cheng, Tianfang]. A history of Sino-Russian relations. Introd. by John Leighton Stuart. (Washington D.C. : Public Affairs Press, 1957). (ChiRus3, Publication)
19 1954 Brief von Mao Zedong an Li Da. 28.12.1954.
'When we criticize pragmatism [John Dewey], we must yet distinguish between what pragmatism means by such words as practicality and results, and what we mean when we use similar words, especially as most people are still confused about them.'
  • Document: Ching, Julia. China's responses to Dewey. In : Journal of Chinese philosophy ; vol. 12, no 3 (1985). (DewJ188, Publication)
  • Person: Dewey, John
20 1955 Bertolt Brecht sagt an einer Diskussion mit Leipziger Studenten : Ob das epische Theater das Theater der Zukunft sein wird, weiss ich nicht. Es gibt meines Wissens keine genaue Beschreibung der Zukunft. Auf keinen Fall ist das epische Theater eine Übergangserscheinung, denn vollkommene Beziehungen zwischen Menschen können nie eintreten, weder im Kommunismus noch in den darauf folgenden Phasen. Sonst müsste man jede Entwicklung leugnen.

Christoph Gellner : Dies entspricht aufs genaueste der These Mao Zedongs von der Permanenz der Widersprüche, auch in einer sozialistischen Gesellschaft, die der orthodoxen marxistischen Vorstellung eines zukünftig konkliktfreien, harmonischen Gleichklangs im Bereich des gesellschaftlichen Zusammenlebens diamentral entgegensteht.

Hans Mayer : Nicht ohne Grund liest Brecht in seiner letzten Lebenszeit voller Zustimmung die Betrachtungen Mao Zedongs über das Weiterbestehen antagonistischer Strukturen : auch nach Beseitigung der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft.
  • Document: Mayer, Hans. Brecht in der Geschichte : drei Versuche. (Frankfurt a.M. : Suhrkamp, 1971). (Bibliothek Suhrkamp ; Bd. 284). (Bre33, Publication)
  • Document: Gellner, Christoph. Weisheit, Kunst und Lebenskunst : fernöstliche Religion und Philosophie bei Hermann Hesse und Bertolt Brecht. (Mainz : Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag, 1996). (Theologie und Literatur ; Bd. 8). Diss. Univ. Tübingen, 1996. S. 250. (Gel2, Publication)
  • Person: Brecht, Bertolt
21 1956 Eine Delegation der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik unter Leitung von Walter Ulbricht trifft Mao Zedong, Liu Shoqi und Wang Jiaxiang in Beijing.
  • Document: Die DDR und China 1949-1990 : Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur : eine Quellensammlung. Hrsg. von Werner Meissner ; bearb. Von Anja Feege. (Berlin : Akademie Verlag, 1995). (Quellen zur Geschichte der deutsch-chinesischen Beziehungen 1897 bis 1995). [Deutsche Demokratische Republik]. S. 66. (Meiss2, Publication)
  • Person: Liu, Shaoqi
  • Person: Ulbricht, Walter
  • Person: Wang, Jiaxiang (2)
22 1957-1970 Anna Louise Strong lebt und schreibt in China. Sie trifft Zhou Enlai und Mao Zedong.
23 1957 Günther Weisenborn wird während seiner Chinareise von Mao Zedong empfangen. Er erwähnt, dass seine Bücher im Original in der Bibliothek der Beijing-Universität zu finden sind. Mao antwortet, dass er die Übersetzung ins Chinesische veranlassen werde. Weisenborn erwidert, dass man vor allem die Bücher von Bertolt Brecht übersetzen solle. Dies hat einige Germanisten angespornt, Brecht zu übersetzen.
  • Document: Hsia, Adrian. Brechts Verbreitung in China und sein Einfluss auf das chinesische Theater. In : Theaterkunst ; H. 4 (1983). (Bre29, Publication)
  • Person: Brecht, Bertolt
  • Person: Weisenborn, Günther
24 1957 Fernand Bernoulli überreicht Mao Zedong das Beglaubigungsschreiben als bevollmächtigter Botschafter der Schweiz.
  • Document: China-Schweiz = Zhongguo-Ruishi. (Beijing : China Intercontinental Press, 2007). (CS3, Publication)
  • Person: Bernoulli, Fernand
25 1959 Eine Delegation der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik unter der Leitung von Hermann Matern trifft Mao Zedong in Beijing.
  • Document: Die DDR und China 1949-1990 : Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur : eine Quellensammlung. Hrsg. von Werner Meissner ; bearb. Von Anja Feege. (Berlin : Akademie Verlag, 1995). (Quellen zur Geschichte der deutsch-chinesischen Beziehungen 1897 bis 1995). [Deutsche Demokratische Republik]. S. 32. (Meiss2, Publication)
  • Person: Matern, Hermann
26 1959 Letzter Besuch von Nikita Khrushchev in Beijing. Er trifft Mao Zedong und Lin Biao bei einer Parade auf dem Platz Tiananmen.
  • Document: Mancall, Mark. Russia and China : their diplomatic relations to 1728. (Taipei : Rainbow-Bridge Book Co., 1972). S. 123. (ChiRus1, Publication)
  • Document: Lüthi, Lorenz M. The Sino-Soviet split : cold war in the communist world. (Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 2008). (Princeton studies in international history and politics). S. 148. (LütL1, Publication)
  • Person: Khrushchev, Nikita
  • Person: Lin, Biao
27 1964 Edgar Snow besucht China und erhält ein Interview mit Mao Zedong und Zhou Enlai.
28 1964 Paolo Vittorelli besucht China und trifft Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai und Chen Yi.
  • Document: Samarani, Guido ; De Giorgi, Laura. Lontane, vicine : le relazioni fra Cina e Italia nel novecento. (Roma : Carocci, 2011). S. 125. (Sama4, Publication)
  • Person: Chen, Yi (2)
  • Person: Vittorelli, Paolo (Pseud.)
  • Person: Zhou, Enlai
29 1965 Yu Zhan führt ein Gespräch am Flughafen Beijing mit Zhou Enlai, Chen Yi und Alexsei Nikolayevich Kosygin. Alexei Kosygin trifft Mao Zedong.
30 1966 The Cassia tree : a collection of translations & adaptations from the Chinese. David Rafael Wang ; in collaboration with William Carlos Williams [ID D29171].
Note : These poems are not translations in the sense that Arthur Waley's versions are translations. They are rather re-creations in the American idiom – a principle to which William Carlos Williams dedicated his poetic career. (D.R.W.)

Popular T'ang and Sung poems
I
Meng Hao-chuan (689-740) [Meng Haoran 689/691-740]
In spring you sleep and never know when the morn comes,
Everywhere you hear the songs of the birds,
But at night the sound of the wind mingles with the rain's,
And you wonder how many flowers have fallen.
II
Li Po (701-762) [Li Bo]
Spotting the moonlight at my bedside,
I wonder if it is frost on the ground.
After raising my head to look at the bright moon,
I lower it to think of my old country.
III
Liu, Chung-yuan, 773-819 [Liu Zhongyuan]
The birds have flown away from the mountains,
The sign of men has gone from the paths,
But under a lone sail stoops an old fisherman,
Angling in the down-pouring snow.
IV
Ho Chi-chong = Ho Chih-chang), 659-744 [He Zhizhang = Jizhen] [(Xiaoshan, Zhejiang 659-)]
Returning after I left my home in childhood,
I have kept my native accent but not the color of my hair.
Facing the smiling children who shyly approach me,
I am asked from where I come.
V
Meng Hao-chuan = Meng Hao-jan (689-740) [Meng Haoran 689/691-740]
Steering my little boat towards a misty islet,
I watch the sun descend while my sorrows grow :
In the vast night the sky hangs lower than the treetops,
But in the blue lake the moon is coming close.
VI
Wang Wei (699-759)
Alighting from my horse to drink with you,
I asked, 'Where are you going ? '
You said, 'Retreating to lie in the southern mountains'
Silent,
I watch the white clouds endless in the distance.
VII
Li Yu (The last king of the Southern T'ang dynasty, 937-978)
Silently I ascend the western pavilion.
The moon hangs like a hairpin.
In the deep autumn garden
The wu-t'ung stands alone.
Involute,
Entagled,
The feeling of departure
Clings like a wet leaf to my heart.

The maid (Ancient folk poem)
Drives sheep through ravine,
With the white goat in front.
The ole gal unmarried,
Her sigh reaches heaven.
Aihe ! Aihe !
Endless dream of the shepherd.
'Hold man's left arm,
Turn and toss with him'.
'Stroke man's whiskers,
watch changin' expression'.
The shepherd unmindful
Can she force him ?

Cho Wen-chun (Han poetess, 2nd century B.C.) [Zhuo Wenjun, ca. 179-ca. 117 B.C.]
Lament of a graying woman
White as the snow on mountaintop,
Bright as the moon piercing the clouds,
Knowing that you have a divided heart,
I come to you before you are gone.
We have lived long together in this town.
What need is there for a feast of wine ?
But a feast we must have today,
For tomorrow we'll be by the stream
And I'll lag behind you at the fork,
Watching the waters flow east or west.
Tears and still more tears.
Why should we lament ?
If only there is a constant man
Till white-hair shall we never part !

SOCIETY OF POETS
I To Li Po
Tu Fu 712-770 [Du Fu]
The floating cloud follows the sun.
The traveler has not yet returned.
For three nights I dreamt of you, my friend,
So clearly that I almost touched you.
You left me in a hurry.
Your passage is fraught with trouble :
The wind blows fiercely over lakes and rivers.
Be watchful lest you fall from your boat !
You scratched your white head when leaving the door,
And I knew the journey was against your wishes.
Silk-hatted gentlemen have swamped the capital,
While you, the poet, are lean and haggard.
If the net of heaven is not narrow,
Why should you be banished when you are old ?
Ten thousand ages will remember your warmth ;
When you are gone the world is silent and cold.
II To Meng Hao-jan
Li Po [Li Bo]
I love Meng-fu-tsu.
His name is known throughout China.
While rosy-cheeked he gave up his office ;
Now with white hair he lies in the pine clouds.
Drunk with the moon he is a hermit-saint ;
Lost in flowers he will not serve any kings.
Can I reach him who is like a high mountain ?
I am contented if I only breathe in his fragrance.
III To Wang Wei
Meng Hao-chuan [Meng Haoran 689/691-740]
Quietly, quietly, why have I been waiting ?
Emptily, emptily, I return every day alone.
I have been in search of fragrant grass
And miss the friend who can accompany me.
Who will let me roam his private park ?
Understanding ones in the world are rare.
I shall walk back home all by myself
And fasten the latch on the gate of my garden.

Meng Hao-chuan [Meng Haoran 689/691-740]
After the party
The guest, still drunk, sprawls in my bed
How am I going to get him awake ?
The chicken congee is boiling on the stove
And the new wine is heated to start our day.

Meng Hao-chuan [Meng Haoran 689/691-740]
Late spring
In April the lake water is clear
Everywhere the birds are singing
The ground just swept, the petals fall again
The grass, though stepped on, remains green
My drinking companions gather to compare fortunes
Open the keg to get over the bout of drinking
With cups held high in our hands
We hear the voices of sing-song girls
ringing.

Wang Wei (699-759)
Ce-Lia the immortal beauty
The beauty of a maiden is coveted by the world.
So how could a girl like Ce-Lia be slighted for long ?
In the mourning she was just another lass in the village,
But in the evening she has become the king's concubine.
Was she different from the rest in her days of poverty ?
Now that she is favored, all begin to realize her beauty is rare.
She can command her maids to powder and perfume her face,
And is no longer obliged to don her own clothing.
The adoration of her Emperor has brought pride to her being,
And the king's 'Yes' and 'No' vary in accordance with her caprice.
The companions who washed at the brookside along with her
Are not entitled any more to ride back home in the same carriage.
Why should we bother to sympathize with these rustic girls,
Since they'll never have Beauty to accompany them,
Even if they should master the art of coquetry ?

Wang Wei
The peerless lady
Look, there goes the young lady across the street
She looks about fifteen, doesn't she ?
Her husband is riding the piebald horse
Her maids are scraping chopped fish from a gold plate.
Her picture gallery and red pavilion stand face to face
The willow and the peach trees shadow her eaves
Look, she's coming thru the gauze curtains to get into her chaise :
Her attendants have started winnowing the fans.
Her husband got rich early in his life
A more arrogant man you never find around !
She keeps busy by teaching her maids to dance
She never regrets giving jewels away.
There goes the light by her window screen
The green smoke's rising like petals on wave
The day is done and what does she do ?
Her hair tied up, she watches the incense fade.
None but the bigwigs visit her house
Only the Chaos and the Lees get by her guards
But do you realize this pretty girl
Used to beat her clothes at the river's head ?
There goes the light by her window screen
The green smoke's rising like petals on wave
The day is done and what does she do ?
Her fair tied up, she watches the incense fade.
None but the bigwigs visit her house
Only the Chaos and the Lees get by her guards
But do you realize this pretty girl
Used to beat her clothes at the river's head ?

Li Po [Li Bo]
A letter
My love,
When you were here there was
a hall of flowers.
When you are gone there is
an empty bed.
Under the embroidered coverlet
I toss and turn.
After three years I
smell you fragrance.
Your fragrance never leaves,
But you never return.
I think of you, the yellow leaves are ended
And the white dew dampens the green moss.

Li Po [Li Bo]
Spring song
A young lass
Plucks mulberry leaves by the river
Her white hand
Reaches among the green
Her flushed cheeks
Shine under the sun
The hungry silkworms
Are waiting
Oh, young horseman
Why do you tarry. Get going.

Li Po [Li Bo]
Summer song
The Mirror Lake
(Three hundred miles),
Where lotus buds
Burst into flowers.
The slippery shore
Is jammed with admirers,
While the village beauty
Picks the blossoms.
Before the sails
Breast the rising moon,
She's shipped away
To the king's harem.

Li Po [Li Bo]
In the wineshop of Chinling
The wind scatters the fragrance of the willows over the shop
The sing-song girls pour the rice wine heated for the guests
My friends have gathered to say goodbye
Drinking cup after cup, I wonder why I should start
'Say, can you tell me about the east-flowing river –
Does it stretch as long as this feeling of departure ?'

Li Po [Li Bo]
Solo
The pavilion pierces the green sky
Below is the white jade chamber
The bright moon is ready to set
Casting its glance behind the screen window
Solitary she stands
Her thin silk skirt ruffled by autumn frost
She fingers softly the séchin
Composing the Mulberry Song.
The sound reverberates
And the wind circles the crossbeams
Outside the pedestrians are turning away
And the birds are gone to their nests.
The weight of feeling
Cannot be carried away by song and
She longs for someone
To soar with her like a mandarin drake.

Li Po [Li Bo]
The youth on horseback
The youth from the capital rides by the east of the city.
His white horse and silver saddle sail through the spring breeze.
Having trampled all the flowers where else could he go ?
Smiling, he enters the barroom of the white prostitute.

Li Po [Li Bo]
The Knight
In March the dust of Tartary has swept over the capital.
Inside the city wall the people sigh and complain.
Under the bridge the water trickles with warm blood
And bales of white bones lean against one another.
I departed east for the Kingdom of Wu.
Clouds block the four fortresses and the roads are long.
Only the crows announce the rise of the sun.
Someone opens the city gate to sweep away the flowers.
Wu-t'ungs and willows hover above the well.
Drunk, I come to the knight-errant's home.
The knights-errant of Fu Feng are rare in this world :
With arms around their friends they'll heave mountains.
The posture of the generals means little to them
And, drinking, they ignore the orders of the cabinet.
With fancy food on carved plates they entertain their guests.
With songs and dance their sing-song girls unwind a fragrant wind.
The fabulous dukes of the six kingdoms
Were known for their entertainment :
In the dining hall of each three thousand were fed.
But who knew which one would remember to repay ?
They stroke their long swords, arching their eyebrows ;
By the clear water and white rock they decline to separate.
Doffing my hat I turn to you smiling.
Drinking your wine I recite only for you.
I have not yet met my master of strategy –
The bridgeside hermit may read my heart.

Li Po [Li Bo]
Drinking together
We drink in the mountain while the flowers bloom,
A pitcher, a pitcher, and one more pitcher.
As my head spins you get up.
So be back any time with your guitar.

Li Po [Li Bo]
The march
The bay horse is fitted with a white jade saddle.
The moon shivers over the battlefield.
The sound of iron drums still shakes the city walls
And in the case the gold sword oozes blood.

Li Po [Li Bo]
Long Banister Lane
When my hair was first trimmed across my forehead,
I played in front of my door, picking flowers.
You came riding a bamboo stilt for a horse,
Circling around my yard, playing with green plums.
Living as neighbors at Long Banister Lane,
We had an affection for each other that none were suspicious of.
At fourteen I became your wife,
With lingering shyness, I never laughed.
Lowering my head towards a dark wall,
I never turned, though called a thousand times.
At fifteen I began to show my happiness,
I desired to have my dust mingled with yours.
With a devotion ever unchanging.
Why should I look out when I had you ?
At sixteen you left home
For a faraway land of steep pathways and eddies,
Which in May were impossible to traverse,
And where the monkey whined sorrowfully towards the sky.
The footprints you made when you left the door
Have been covered by green moss,
New moss too deep to be swept away.
The autumn wind came early and the leaves started falling.
The butterflies, yellow with age in August,
Fluttered in pairs towards the western garden.
Looking at the scene, I felt a pang in my heart,
And I sat lamenting my fading youth.
Every day and night I wait for your return,
Expecting to receive your letter in advance,
So that I will some traveling to greet you
As far as Windy Sand.

Adaptation of Li Po [Li Bo]
The visitor
See that horseman from the distant land,
Greeneyed and wearing a tigerskin hat,
Smiling, he lifts two arrows from his case,
And ten thousand people shy away.
He bends his bow like a circling moon
And from the clouds white geese spin down in pairs.
Shaking his whip high in the air,
He starts out hunting with his pack.
Once out of his dooryard what does he care ?
What matters if he dies pro patria ?
Prouder he is than five filtans
And has the wolf's love for seeking out a herd.
He drives the cattle further north
And with a tiger's appetite tastes the freshly killed.
But he camps at the Swallow Mountain,
Far from the arctic snow.
From his horse a woman smiles at him,
Her face a vermilion vessel of jade.
As his flying darts haunt birds and beasts,
Flowers and the moon land drunk in his saddle.
The light of the alien star flashes and spreads
While war gathers head like the swarming of wasps.
From the edge of his white sword blood drips and drips.
It covers the floating sand.
Are there any more reckless generals left ? –
The soldiers are too tired to complain.

Tu Fu [Du Fu]
Profile of a lady
A pretty, pretty girl
Lives in the empty mountain
Came from a celebrated family
Now alone with her fagots.
In the civil war
All her brothers were killed.
Why talk of pedigree,
When she couldn'd collect their bones ?
World feeling rises against the decline,
Then follows the rotating candle.
Husband has a new interest :
A beauty subtle as jade.
The acacia knows its hour
The mandarin duck never lies alone.
Husband listens to the laughter of new girl
Deaf to the tears of the old.
Spring in the mountains is clear,
Mud underfoot.
She sends the maid to sell jewels
Pick wisteria to mend the roof
Wears no fresh flower
Bears cypress boughs in her hands.
Leans cold against the bamboo
Her green sleeves flutter.

Tu Fu [Du Fu]
Visit
The life we could seldom meet
Separate as the stars.
What a special occasion tonight
That we gather und the candle-lamp !
How long can youth last ?
Our hair is peppered with white.
Half of our friends are ghosts
It's so good to see you alive.
How strange after twenty years
To revisit your house !
When I left you were single
Your children are grown up now.
They treat me with great respect,
Ask where I came from.
Before I can answer
You send your son for the wine.
In the rain you cut scallions
And start the oven to cook rice.
'It's hard to get together
Let's finish up these ten goblets.'
After ten goblets we are still sober
The feeling of reunion is long.
Tomorrow I have to cross the mountain
Back to the mist of the world.

Wang Ch'ang-ling (circa 727) [Wang Changling (698–756)]
Chant of the frontiersman
I
The cicadas are singing in the mulberry forest :
It is August at the fortress.
We pass the frontiers to enter more frontiers.
Everywhere the rushes are yellow.
The sodbusters from the provinces
Have disappeared with the dust they kicked up.
Why should we bother to be knights-errant ?
Let us discuss the merits of bayards.
II
I lead the horse to drink in the autumn river.
The river is icy and the wind cuts like knives.
In the desert the sun has not yet gone down ;
In the shade I see my distant home.
When the war first spread to the Great Wall,
We were filled with patriotic fervor.
The yellow sand has covered the past glories ;
The bleached bones are scattered over the nettles.

Wang Chen (circa 775) [Wang Zhen]
The newlywed's cuisine
The thir night after wedding
I get near the stove.
Rolling up my sleeves
I make a fancy broth.
Not knowing the taste
Of my mother-in-law,
I try it first upon her
Youngest girl.

Li Yu
Bella donna Iu
Spring flowers, autumn moon – when will you end ?
How much of the past do you recall ?
At the pavilion last night the cast wind sobbed.
I can hardly turn my head homeward
In this moonlight.
The carved pillars and the jade steps are still here.
But the color of your checks is gone.
When asked : 'How much sorrow do you still have ?'
'Just like the flood of spring water
Rushing eastward.'

Li Ts'un-hsu (Emporor Chuang of the later T'ang Dynasty, 10th century. [Zhuang Zong]
In dream's wake
We dine in a glade concealed in peach petals.
We dance like linnets and sing like phoenixes.
Then we part.
Like a dream,
Like a dream,
A mist envelops the pale moon and fallen blossoms.

Kuo Mo-jo (1893-) [Guo Moruo]
From Phoenix undying
Ah !
Our floating and inconstant life
Is like a delirious dream in a dark night.
Before us is sleep,
Behind us is sleep ;
It comes like the fluttering wind,
It comes like the trailing smoke ;
Enters like wind,
Departs like smoke.
Behind us : sleep,
Before us : sleep.
In the midst of our sleep we appear
Like the momentary wind and smoke.

Mao Tse-tung (1893-) [Mao Zedong]
Spring in the now-drenched garden
The northern countryside of China
Is bound by miles and miles of ice.
Snow flies over the border,
And outside of the Great Wall
Waste land stretches as though endless.
The great Hwang Ho rushes in torrents
Up and down the skyline.
The mountains thrash like silvery snakes,
Their contours soar like waxen elephants
Vying with the gods in height.
On a fine day,
The landscape unveils like a maiden
Dressing up in her boudoir.
Such enchanting mountains and rivers
Have led countless heroes to rival in homage.
Pity that the founders of Ch'in and Han
Were unversed in the classics ;
Pity that the great kings of T'ang and Sung
Were deficient in poetry ;
Pity that the magnificent, the pride of heaven,
Genghis Khan
Could only shoot with bows and arrows.
All these were of the past !
For the greatest man yet – only
My dynasty, my era will show.

Ping Hsin (1902-) [Bing Xin]
The old man and the child
The old man to the child :
'Weep,
Sigh,
How dreary the world is !'
The child, laughing :
'Excuse me,
mister !
I can't imagine what I Haven't experiences.'
The child to the old man :
'Smile,
Jump,
How interesting the world is !'
The old man, sighing :
'Forgive me,
Child !
I can't bear recalling what I have experienced.'

Tsong Kuh-chia = Tsang Ko-chia (1910-) [Zang Kejia]
Three generations
The child
Is bathing in the mud.
The father
Is seating in the mud.
The grandfather
Is buried in the mud.

D.R.W. [David Rafael Wang]
Cool cat
For Gary Snyder
The rain has soaked the cabin
The wind has shaken the mast
My mistress's red petticoat is wet
And knitted are the eyebrows of my lovely wife
I tie the boat to the nearest tree
And observe the flowering billows
The bamboo blinds are left sagging
The broken teacups litter the deck
On my way back I feel a sudden calmness :
Autumn has invaded the summer
I dry my sleeves in a Yoga posture
And leave the girls to fret and chatter.
  • Document: The Cassia tree : a collection of translations & adaptations from the Chinese. David Rafael Wang ; in collaboration with William Carlos Williams. In : New Directions in prose and poetry ; 19 ; (1966). (WillW3, Publication)
  • Person: Du, Fu
  • Person: Guo, Moruo
  • Person: He, Zhizhang
  • Person: Li, Bo
  • Person: Li, Yu (1)
  • Person: Liu, Yu
  • Person: Liu, Zhongyuan
  • Person: Meng, Haoran
  • Person: Wang, Changling
  • Person: Wang, David Rafael
  • Person: Wang, Wei
  • Person: Wang, Zhen (3)
  • Person: Williams, William Carlos
  • Person: Zang, Kejia
  • Person: Zhuang, Zong
  • Person: Zhuo, Wenjun
31 1966-1976.1 Kulturrevolution. (1)
Die Rote Garde, die Kampftruppe maoistischer Jugendlicher, verhelfen Mao Zedong und seinen Anhängern zur gewaltsamen Durchsetzung der Kulturrevolution. Christenverfolgung, die christlichen Kirchen kommen unter die Autorität des Three-Self Patriotic Movement. Die Moscheen werden zerstört und geschlossen. Verfolgung der Muslime und Einschränkung der Religionsfreiheit. Verbot von islamischen Organisationen und des Korans.
Lin Biao hält zum Empfang der Rotgardisten eine Rede auf dem Tiananmen-Platz : Das Ziel der Grossen Proletarischen Kulturrevolution ist die Ausrottung der bürgerlichen Ideologie, die Entfaltung der proletarischen Ideologie, die Umformung des Innersten der Menschen, die Revolutionierung ihres Denkens, die Ausrottung der Wurzeln des Revisionismus und die Festigung und Entwicklung des sozialistischen Systems. Wir werden die den kapitalistischen Weg gehenden Machthaber niederschlagen, die reaktionären bürgerlichen Autoritäten niederschlagen, alle bürgerlichen Konservativen niederschlagen... Wir werden energisch die alten Ideen, die alte Kultur, die alten Sitten und Gebräuche aller Ausbeuterklassen ausmerzen und alle jene Teile des Überbaus, die nicht der sozialistischen Wirtschaftsbasis entsprechen, umformen. Wir werden alle Schädlinge ausmerzen und alle Hindernisse wegräumen...
1966 taucht eine Da zi bao (Wandzeitung mit grosser Schrift) auf Anweisung Mao Zedongs, unterschrieben von sieben Personen in der Beijing-Universität und in allen Zeitungen auf. Die Universität wird "als der schwarze Stützpunkt des Revisionismus" verurteilt. Der Rektor der Beijing-Universität und der Rektor der Qinghua-Universität werden als Repräsentatnen des Revisionismus verurteilt und misshandelt. 1966-1971 gibt es keinen Universitätsbetrieb und alle akademischen Titel werden abgeschafft. Universitäten mit naturwissenschaftlichen und technischen Fakultäten konnen bestehen bleiben. 1971 beginnen die Hochschulen unter der Leitung von Armeeangehörigen und Arbeitern ohne Aufnahmeprüfung Studenten aufzunehmen. Die Lehre von Fremdsprachen wird deshalb von Personen geleitet, die keine Fremdsprache beherrschten und die meisten Studenten haben keine Vorbildung. Es werden keine literarische Werke gelesen, sondern es wird nur Konversation gelehrt.
32 1966-1976.2 Kulturrevolution. (2) : Westliche Literatur während der Kulturrevolution
Die klassische und moderne chinesische Literatur und die Weltliteratur wird negiert. In den Buchhandlungen stehen nur die Werke von Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin, Iossif Wissarionovitch Stalin und Mao Zedong. In den Bibliotheken darf man keine ausländische Literatur ausleihen, viele Werke werden als Abfall verkauft oder verbrannt, Übersetzungen werden verboten und nur heimlich geschrieben. Die einzigen erlaubten Übersetzungen sind Texte von Eugène Pottier, der Autor der Internationale und ausgewählte Gedichte von Georg Weerth wegen seiner Freundschaft mit Karl Marx. Bertolt Brecht und Huang Zuolin werden während der Kulturrevolution verboten. Huang kommt in Gefangenschaft.
"Livres confidentielles", die von einigen ausgewählten Rotgardisten gelesen werden :
Camus, Albert. Ju wai ren. = L'étranger.
Garaudy, Roger. Ren de yuan jing. = Perspectives de l'homme.
Kerouac, Jack. Zai lu shang. = On the road.
Salinger, J.D. Mai tian li de shou wang zhe. = The catcher in the rye.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Yan wu ji qi ta. = La nausée. Xian dai ying mei zi chan jie ji wen yi li lun wen xuan. (Bei jing : Zuo jia chu ban she, 1962). [Sélection des essais théoriques littéraires des bourgeois anglais et américains modernes]. 现代美英资产阶级文艺理论文选
  • Document: Bretschneider, Emil. Notes on Chinese medieval travellers to the West. (Shanghai : American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1875). S. 55. (BRE1, Publication)
  • Document: Eglises d'Asie : http://eglasie.mepasie.org/presentation.php. (EA1, Web)
  • Document: Ding, Na. Die Rezeption deutschsprachiger Literatur in der Volksrepublik China 1949-1990. (München : Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 1995). Diss. Ludwig-Maximilians-Univ., 1995. S. 34. (Din10, Publication)
  • Document: Zhang, Yi. Rezeption der deutschsprachigen Literatur in China. T. 1-2. In : Literaturstrasse ; Bd. 1-2 (2000-2001). T. 1 : Vom Anfang bis 1949. T. 2 : 1949 bis zum Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts. S. 39. (ZhaYi1, Publication)
  • Document: Allès, Elisabeth. L'islam chinois, unité et fragmentation. In : Archives de sciences sociales des religions, no 115 (2001). http://www.chess.fr/centres/ceifr/assr/N115/001.htm (2003) (All, Publication)
  • Document: Encyclopedia of contemporary Chinese culture. Ed. by Edward L. Davis. (London : Routledge, 2005). (Dav, Publication)
  • Document: Zhang, Yi. Rezeptionsgeschichte der deutschsprachigen Literatur in China von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. (Bern : P. Lang, 2007). (Deutsch-ostasiatische Studien zur interkulturellen Literaturwissenschaft ; Bd. 5). S. 193-201. (ZhaYi2, Publication)
  • Document: Zhang, Chi. Sartre en Chine (1939-1976) : histoire de sa réception et de son influence : essai historique. (Paris : Ed. Le manuscrit, 2008). (Basiert auf Diss. Univ. Sorbonne nouvelle. La réception de Sartre en Chine (1939-1989). Lille : Atelier national de Reproduction des Thèses, 2006). S. 231. (Sar1, Publication)
  • Person: Brecht, Bertolt
  • Person: Camus, Albert
  • Person: Engels, Friedrich
  • Person: Garaudy, Roger
  • Person: Huang, Zuolin
  • Person: Kerouac, Jack
  • Person: Lenin, Wladimir Iljitsch
  • Person: Marx, Karl
  • Person: Pottier, Eugène
  • Person: Salinger, J.D.
  • Person: Sartre, Jean-Paul
  • Person: Weerth, Georg
33 1973 Gough Whitlam besucht China und trifft Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai und Deng Xiaoping.
  • Document: China-Australia. Compiled by State Council Information Office of People's Republic of China ; chief advisor : Zhao Qizheng ; chief editor : Guo Changjian. (Beijing : China Intercontinental Press, 2003). (ChiAus, Publication)
  • Person: Deng, Xiaoping
  • Person: Whitlam, Gough
  • Person: Zhou, Enlai
34 1973 Stephen FitzGerald trifft Mao Zedong in China.
35 1973 Pierre Elliott Trudeau besucht China zum 3. Geburtstag der Gründung diplomatischer Beziehungen zwischen Kanada und China. Er trifft Mao Zedong und Zhou Enlaig.
  • Document: Past and future in China-Canada relations. Co-hosted by the Institute of Asian Research & the Shanghai Institutes for International Studies. PDF Shanghai (2010). (ChiCan17, Publication)
  • Person: Trudeau, Pierre Elliott
  • Person: Zhou, Enlai
36 1993 Coates, Ken. Foreword. In : Russell, Bertrand. The problem of China [ID D5122]. [Enthält Text von Mao Zedong über Russell].
I
Bertrand Russell decided to reprint this book unaltered in 1966, even though, as he said at the time, hardly anything else had 'remained unchanged during the intervening forty-three years' since it was first published in 1922. The present edition is very slightly different from that of 1966, in that it includes a postscript, originally published in a earlier reissue of the book in 1926. Then, 800 unsold copies from 1922 had their appendix removed and index reset, with the postscript substituted in the space that was created by these changes.
The postscript is notable for Russell's acid summary of British policy :
"The British view is still that China needs a central Government strong enough to suppress internal anarchy, but weak enough to be always obliged to yield to foreign pressure."
In those far off days, Britain was still a major world power, and the centre of a huge empire. This was the context in which Russell could write that
"The concentration of the world's capital in a few nations, which, by means of it, are able to drain all other nations of their wealth, is obviously not a system by which permanent peace can be secured except through the complete subjection of the poorer nations… The real government of the world is in the hands of the big financiers, except on questions which rouse passionate public interest. No doubt the exclusion of Asiatics from America and the Dominions is due to popular pressure, and is against the interests of big finance. But not many questions rouse do much popular feeling, and among them only a few are sufficiently simple to be incapable of misrepresentation in the interests of the capitalist. Even in such a case as Asiatic immigration, it is the capitalist system which causes the anti-social interests of wage-earners and makes them illiberal. The existing system makes each man's individual interest opposed, in some vital point, to the interest of the whole. And what applies to individuals applies also to nations ; under the existing economic system, a nation's interest is seldom the same as that of the world at large, and then only by accident. International peace might conceivably by secured under the present system, but only by a combination of the strong to exploit the weak."
II
These conclusions were born in upon Russell during his extended visit to China, when he lectured at the University of Peking. There he debated with Chen Tu-Tsu, the founder of the Chinese Communist Party. Among his audience was Mao Tse-Tung, then a young student. Here is what Mao wrote about the event ;
"In his lecture at Changsha, Russell… took a position in favour of communism but against the dictatorship of the workers and peasants. He said that one should employ the method of education to change the consciousness of the propertied classes, and that in this way it would not be necessary to limit freedom or to have recourse to war and bloody revolution… My objections to Russell's viewpoint can be stated in a few words : 'This is all very well as a theory, but it is unfeasible in practice'. Education requires (1) money, (2) people, and (3) instruments. In today's world, money is entirely in the hands of the capitalists or slaves of capitalists. In today's world, the schools and the press, the two most important instruments of education, are entirely under capitalist control. In short, education in today's world is capitalist education. If we teach capitalism to children, these children, when they grow up, will in turn teach capitalism to a second generation of children. Education thus remains in the hands of the capitalists. Then the capitalists have 'parliaments' to pass laws protecting the capitalists and handicapping the proletariat ; they have governments to apply these laws and to enforce the advantages and the prohibitions that they contain ; they have 'armies' and 'police' to defend the well-being of the capitalists and to repress the demands of the proletariat ; they have 'banks' to serve as repositories in the circulation of their wealth ; they have 'factories', which are the instruments by which they monopolize the production of goods. Thus, if the communists do not seize political power, they will not be able to find any refuge in this world ; how, under such circumstances, could they take charge of education ? Thus, the capitalists will continue to control education and to praise their capitalism to the skies, so that the number of converts to the proletariat's communist propaganda will diminish from day to day. Consequently, I believe that the method of education is unfeasible… What I have just said constitutes the first argument. The second argument is that, based on the principle of mental habits and on my observation of human history, I am of the opinion that one absolutely cannot expect the capitalists to become converted to communism... If one wishes to use the power of education to transform them, then since one cannot obtain control of the whole or even an important part of the two instruments of education — schools and the press — even if one has a mouth and a tongue and one or two schools and newspapers as means of propaganda… this is really not enough to change the mentality of the adherents of capitalism even slightly ; how then can one hope that the latter will repent and turn toward the good ? So much from a psychological standpoint. From a historical standpoint… one observes that no despot imperialist and militarist throughout history has ever been known to leave the stage of history of his own free will without being overthrown by the people. Napoleon I proclaimed himself emperor and failed ; then there was Napoleon III. Yuan Shih-K'ai failed ; then, alas, there was Tuan Ch'i-jui… From what I have just said based on both psychological and a historical standpoint, it can be seen that capitalism cannot be overthrown by the force of a few feeble efforts in the domain of education. This is the second argument. There is yet a third argument, most assuredly a very important argument, even more important in reality. If we use peaceful means to attain the goal of communism, when will we finally achieve it ? Let us assume that a century will be required, a century marked by the unceasing groans of the proletariat. What position shall we adopt in the face of this situation ? The proletariat is many times more numerous than the bourgeoisie ; if we assume that the proletariat constitutes two-thirds of humanity, then one billion of the earth's one billion five hundred million inhabitants are proletarians (I fear that the figure is even higher) who during this century will be cruelly exploited by the remaining third of capitalists. How can we bear this ? Furthermore, since the proletariat has already become conscious of the fact that it, too, should possess wealth, and of the fact that its sufferings are unnecessary, the proletarians are discontented, and a demand for communism has arisen and has already become a fact. This fact confronts us, we cannot make it disappear, when we become conscious of it we wish to act. This is why, in my opinion, the Russian revolution, as well as the radical communists in every country, will daily grow more powerful and numerous and more tightly organized. This is the natural result. This is the third argument…
There is a further point pertaining to my doubts about anarchism. My argument pertains not merely to the impossibility of a society without power or organization. I should like to mention only the difficulties in the way of the establishment of such form of society and of its final attainment… For all the reasons just stated, my present viewpoint on absolute liberalism, anarchism, and even democracy is that these things are fine in theory, but not feasible in practice…"
III
Mao's letters never came to Russell's attention. I found them shortly after he died, in a collection which had been published by Stuart Schram. I was thus able to draw attention to them in a memorial collection which honoured the Russell Centenary, two years later.
At that time, Mao was still wielding almost absolute power in the People's Republic of China, which he and his Party had created, unifying the country and subjecting it to powerful central control. No doubt, had he been reminded of these earlier judgements on Russell, he would have thought that they were self-evidently justified. Had he not, in 1949, brought the Communist Party into power ? Had not that victory been a feat of arms, by the Red Army moulded in the shape of his own doctrines ? Had he not then called up, in 1966, a further insurgency to prevent any thought of restoration, and oppose bureaucracy ? And had not the Great Cultural Revolution registered an apparently complete success in its struggle against 'capitalist roaders', and indeed all others who took a different view of Chinese development ?
And yet, within months of Mao's death, his Cultural Revolution was repudiated, and some of its more eminent proponents in the 'Gang of Four' were on trial. The principal capitalist roader, Deng Xiaoping, was soon to become paramount leader, and China was to embark on a feverish programme of foreign investment. Multinational corporations were to become welcome. Hong Kong and Taiwanese developers built massive and luxurious hotels all over the country from which oases great entrepreneurs could journey forth, foraging for profit. For one night's stay in these palaces, they might pay the equivalent of a peasant's annual income. Not only was all the hated apparatus feared by Mao soon to be introduced, but much of it was to be celebrated by baroque embellishment and exaggeration. Western newspapers no longer reported on youthful insurgents waving little red books, but instead described the dreadful scenes at the Shenzen Stock Exchange, when people were crushed underfoot in the rush to subscribe to new issues.
In 1993, Chinese capitalism is developing with enormous verve and dynamism, under the benign encouragement of the Chinese Communist Party, which maintains a political regime of stringent authoritarianism. A Chinese trade union leader in Tientsin assured me that Western apprehensions concerning his members were entirely false : "They think our workers will soon demand much higher wages and better conditions", he said. "But they do not understand that labour will remain cheap in China for very many generations, because we have hundreds of millions of rural people who will accept work in the towns for very modest rewards.” Modest though they may be, such rewards are still much greater than the customary earnings of poor peasants, so that the new policy is not unpopular. Indeed, the Politbureau may draw some relief from this result of controlled capitalism, with which it seems able to co-exist in comfort. For its part, Capital does not seem incommoded by the undoubted cruelties which maintain autocratic rule in China. After all, order rules. The framework of commerce is stable. One's money does not evaporate in inflation or turmoil. Everyone knows his or her place, even if he or she might wish it to be different.
Russian capitalism is an altogether feebler growth, but the Communist Party in its old form has ceased to exist there. Thus the world resumes something closer to the condition that was familiar to Bertrand Russell at the beginning of this convulsive century, against which Mao launched his ragged and heroic legions.
Russell would have drawn small comfort from this, since he was no admirer of the power structure against which both he and Mao Tse-Tung were, each in his own way, in rebellion. Neither brute force, nor sophisticated pleading, have produced the results which optimists awaited.
Yet the conflicts between rich and poor, the polarities between capitalist power centres and peripheral zones of famine, all endure. It is still too soon to put these ghostly voices behind us, if we seek a more human outcome from the world's traumas.
  • Document: Russell, Bertrand. The problem of China. (London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1922). = Russell, Bertrand. The problem of China. Foreword Ken Coates. (Nottingham : Spokesman, 1993).
    http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13940/13940-h/13940-h.htm.
    =
    Russell,     Bertrand. China und das Problem des Fernen Ostens. Mit einer Einführung von General Prof. Dr. Karl Haushofer. (München : Drei Masken Verlag, 1925).
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  • Person: Russell, Bertrand
37 1996 Schätzung, dass die Ausgewählten Werke von Mao Zedong an erster Stelle und die Bibel an zweiter Stelle der Leser steht.
  • Document: Hongkong : Kirche und Gesellschaft im Übergang : Materialien und Dokumente. Hrsg. von Roman Malek. (Sankt Augustin : China-Zentrum, 1997). [Hong Kong]. (Mal 1, Publication)

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在延安文藝座談會上的講話 		Publication / McD8
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1 1946 [Epstein, Israel]. Mao Zedong yin xiang. Aibositan deng zhu. (Hong Kong : Xin min zhu chu ban she, 1946). (Xin min zhu cong kan ; 1).
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3 1947 Epstein, Israel. The unfinished revolution in China. (Boston : Little, Brown and Co., 1947).
=
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4 1949 [Snow, Edgar]. Mao Zedong ge ming shi = Mao Zedong zi zhuan. Shinuo zhu. (Shanghai : Guo qiang chu ban she, 1949).
毛澤東革命史 		Publication / Sno27
5 1949 Clegg, Arthur. New China, new world. (London : Birch Books, 1949).
=
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6 1950 Schwartz, Benjamin. Communism in China until the rise of Mao Tse-tung. (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University, 1950). Diss. Harvard Univ., 1950. [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Schw16
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Payne, Robert. Mao Tse-tung. Aus dem Amerikanischen übertragen. (Hamburg : W. Krüger, 1965). (Die Bücher der Neunzehn ; 126). 		Publication / PayR5
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11 1960 Coillie, Dries van. Der begeisterte Selbstmord : im Gefängnis unter Mao-Tse-tung. (Donauwörth : Auer-Verlag, 1960). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Coi1
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20 1967 Heinzig, Dieter. Mao contra Liu. (Köln : Bundesinstitut für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, 1967). Publication / HD1
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25 1968 Schickel, Joachim. Grosse Mauer, grosse Methode : Annäherungen an China. (Stuttgart : E. Klett, 1968). [Reisebericht Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou / Betr. Bertolt Brecht ; Mozi ; Mao Zedong ; Laozi ; Yijing]. Publication / SchiJ1
26 1968 Glaubitz, Joachim. Mao, Lin und die chinesische Kriegsmarine : Bemerkungen zu einem Parteidokument : Analyse. (Köln : Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 1968). (Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien ; 3). [Mao Zedong, Lin Biao]. Publication / GlauJ4
27 1969 Albee, Edward. Box and Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung : two inter-related plays. (New York, N.Y. : Athenaeum, 1969). [Erstaufführung Studio Arena Theatre, Buffalo 1968]. [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Albee4
28 1969 Payne, Robert. Mao Tse-tung. (New York, N.Y. : Weybright and Talley, 1969). Publication / PayR6
29 1969 Gagel, Walter. Das kommunistische China unter Mao Tse-tung. (Stuttgart : Klett, 1969). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Gag1
30 1969 Die Lage in China und die Politik der Gruppe Mao Tse-tungs in der gegenwärtigen Etappe. (Berlin : Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, 1969). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Mao1
31 1969 Schickel, Joachim. Mao Tse-tung : der grosse strategische Plan : Dokumente zur Kulturrevolution. (Berlin : Ed. Voltaire, 1969). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / SchiJ4
32 1969 Müller-Köstler, Dorothea. Le long mai de Mao : carnets secrets d'un diplomate occidental. (Paris : Grasset, 1969). [Mao Zedong].
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Müller-Köstler, Dorothea. Chinesisches Tagebuch : Aufzeichnungen eines westlichen Diplomaten aus den Jahren der Kulturrevolution. (Stuttgart : Koehler, 1970). 		Publication / MüllD1
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33 1969 Masi, Edoarda. La concezione delle classi e della lotta di classe in Mao e la sua influenza nella sinistra europea. In : Quaderni piacentini ; vol. 7 (1969).
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Masi, Edoarda. Der Marxismus von Mao und die europäische Linke. Aus dem Italienischen übers. von Ute Lipka. (Berlin : Merve-Verlag, 1970). (Internationale marxistische Diskussion ; 4). [Mao Zedong]. 		Publication / Masi10
34 1970 Lieberthal, Kenneth G. Mao vs Liu ? : the Cultural revolution on the evolution of urban policy, 1946-1949. (Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, Centre of Asian Studies, 1970). (Working paper / University of Hong Kong, Centre of Asian Studies). [Mao Zedong ; Liu Shaoqi]. Publication / Lie17
35 1970 McNaughton, William. Guerrilla war : Mao Tse-tung, Che Guevara, Sun Tzu, Chuko Liang. (Oberlin, Ohio : Crane Press, 1970). [Mao Zedong ; Sunzi]. Publication / McNa9
36 1970 Holz, Hans Heinz. Widerspruch in China : politisch-philosophische Erläuterungen zu Mao Tse-tung. (München : Hanser, 1970). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / HolzH1
37 1970 Lifton, Robert Jay. Die Unsterblichkeit des Revolutionärs Mao Tse-tung und die chinesische Kulturrevolution. (München : List, 1970). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Lift1
38 1971 Leys, Simon [Ryckmans, Pierre]. Les habits neufs du président Mao : chronique de la "Révolution culturelle". (Paris : Editions Champ libre, 1971). (Bibliothèque asiatique). [Mao Zedong].
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39 1971 Wilson, Dick. 1935 : the epic of Chinese Communism's survival. (New York, N.Y. : Viking Press, 1971). [Mao Zedong].
=
Wilson, Dick. Mao Tse-tungs langer Marsch 1935 : der Ursprung der Volksrepublik China. (Wiesbaden : Brockhaus, 1971). 		Publication / WilsD1
40 1971 Rossanda, Rossana. Der Marxismus von Mao Tse-tung. Übers. von Dieter Meyer. (Berlin : Merve, 1971). (Internationale marxistische Diskussion ; 17). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / RossR1
41 1971 Schilling, Werner. Einst Konfuzius, heute Mao Tse-tung : die Mao-Faszination und ihre Hintergründe. (Weilheim : O.W. Barth, 1971). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Schill1
42 1971 Pasierbsky, Fritz. Zur Politsprache im modernen China : Sprache, Denken, Wirklichkeit bei Mao Tse-tung. (Wiesbaden : O. Harrassowitz, 1971). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / PasF1
43 1971 China und die Revolution in der dritten Welt : kritische Analysen zum Verhältnis von nationaler Befreiung und sozialistischer Revolution. Hrsg. und eingel. von der Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Gruppe. (Frankfurt a.M. : Agit-Buch-Vertrieb, 1971).
[Enthält] :
Cliff, Tony. Die permanente Revolution.
Harris, Nigel. Lenin-Stalin-Mao : Wandlungen des Marxismus.
Gluckstein, Ygael. Mao und die Bauern.
Harris, Nigel. Die Rolle der Bauern in der Revolution.
Cliff, Tony. Der Zefall der chinesischen Volkskommunen.
Cliff, Tony. Der Marxismus und das Problem der Kollektivierung in der Landwirtschaft.
Cliff, Tony. Die Krise der sechziger Jahre in China.
Harris, Nigel. China : Lasst hundert Blumen blühen oder Ein Schwarm von Drachen ohne Führer : Kritische Analyse der Kulturrevolution.
Harris, Nigel. Perspektiven für die Revolution in der Dritten Welt. 		Publication / Revo1
44 1971 Baumann, Jürgen. Zu den Worten des Vorsitzenden Mao Tsetung. Mit einer verfassungsrechtlichen Einführung in das Grundgesetz von Günter Dürig. (Stuttgart : Seewald, 1971). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / BaumJ1
45 1972 Larre, Claude. Mao et la vieille Chine. (Paris : Epia, 1972). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Lar12
46 1972 Han, Suyin. China in the year 2001. (Harmondsworth : Penguin Books, 1973).
=
Han, Suyin. Das China Mao Tse-tungs. Aus dem Englischen übertr. von Norber Wölfl. (München : Beck, 1972). (Beck’sche schwarze Reihe ; Bd. 52). [Mao Zedong]. 		Publication / HanSu4
47 1972 Mäding, Klaus ; Hellig, Bernd. Die von Mao Tse-Tung geprägte Wertorientierung nach dem im April neunzehnhundertneunundsechzig erklärten Sieg der Grossen Proletarischen Kulturrevolution: eine Inhaltsanalyse der Pekinger Volkszeitung vom April 1969 - Okt. 1971. (Hamburg : Institut für Asienkunde, 1972). ( Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde Hamburg ; Nr. 50). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / MädK3
48 1972 Kroker, Eduard J.M. Mao Tse-tung und die Veränderung des Bewusstseins. (München : Herder, 1972). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Krok5
49 1972 Weth, Gustav. Chinas rote Sonne : unsere Welt zwischen Mao und Jesus. (Wuppertal : Brockhaus, 1972). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Weth2
50 1972 Näth, Marie-Luise. Chinas Weg in die Weltpolitik : die nationalen und ausserpolitischen Konzeptionen Sun Yat-sens, Chiang Kai-sheks und Mao Tse-tungs. (Berlin : De Gruyter, 1972). [Mao Zedong]. (Beiträge zur auswärtigen und internationalen Politik ; 7). Publication / Näth2
51 1972 Grundlegende Veränderungen in China seit Mao Tse-tung : eine Literaturzusammenstellung ; Preisausschreiben für den XIV. Wettbewerb Winterarbeiten 1972/73. (Düsseldorf : Zentralbibliothek der Bundeswehr, 1972). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Bund1
52 1972 Deutscher, Isaac ; Mandel, Ernest. Der Maoismus : Ursprung und Perspektive ; Versuch einer Deutung der Kulturrevolution. (Hamburg : Verlag Internationale sozialistische Publikationen, 1972). Publication / DeuI1
53 1972 Rumjancev, Aleksej M. Istoki i ėvoljucija "idej Mao Cze-duna" : (ob antimarksistskoj susc̆nosti maoizma). (Moskva : Izd. Nauka, 1972). [Mao Zedong].
=
Rumjancev, Aleksej M. Quellen und Entwicklung der Ideen Mao Tse-tungs über das antimarxistische Wesen des Maoismus. (Berlin : Dietz, 1973). 		Publication / Rumj1
54 1973 Wakeman, Frederic. History and will : philosophical perspectives of Mao Tse-tung's thought. (Berkeley, Calif. : University of California Press, 1973). (Publications / Center for Chinese Studies). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Wak4
55 1973 Mao, Tse-tung [Mao Zedong]. Den lange march : 38 digte af Mao Zedong. Udgivet af Göran Malmqvist ; pa'dansk fra svensk ved Søren Egerod. (Kobenhavn : Gyldendal, 1973). Publication / Malm15
56 1973 Schwöbel, Hans-Peter. Die Weiterentwicklung des Marxismus-Leninismus durch Mao Tsetung und die chinesische Kulturrevolution. (München : Olzog, 1973). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Schwöb1
57 1973 Myers, James T. Religiöse Aspekte des Kultes um Mao Tse-tung. (Zürich : Gesellschaft Schweiz-China, 1973). (China-Information ; 3). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Mye9
58 1974 Der Maoismus : ein ideologischer und politischer Gegner des Marxismus-Leninismus. (Berlin : Dietz, 1974). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / MaoZ8
59 1974 Liang, Ken ; London, Miriam ; Li Ta-ling. Maos kleiner General : die Geschichte des Rotgardisten. (München : Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1974). [Mao Zedong]- Publication / LiangK1
60 1974 Max, Rolf. Zum politisch-ideologischen Wesen des Maoismus. (Frankfurt a.M. : Verlag Marxistische Blätter, 1974). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / MaxR1
61 1974 Materialsammlung zur Auseinandersetzung mit der Politik und Ideologie des Maoismus nach dem X. Parteitag der KP Chinas. Bd. 1-2. (Berlin : Urania, 1974). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Polit5
62 1974 Altaisiki, Michail. Anmerkungen zum X. Parteitag der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas und zur Politik Mao Tse-tungs. (Köln : Pahl-Rugenstein, 1974). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Alta1
63 1974 Lienert, Françoise. Mao Tse-Tung : Gespräch mit albanischen Parteifunktionären : Aufzeichnung einer geheimen Unterredung des Vorsitzenden der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas mit Hysni Kapo und Beqir Balluku : 3. Februar 1967. (Zürich : Gesellschaft Schweiz-China, 1974). (China-Information ; 8). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Lien1
64 1975 Kuo, Heng-yü. Maos Weg zur Macht und die Komintern am Beispiel der "Antijapanischen Einheitsform" 1931-1938 ; mit der Schrift 'Über die neue Periode' von Mao Tse-tung und anderen Dokumenten. (Paderborn : F. Schönigh, 1975). (Sammlung Schönigh zur Geschichte und Gegenwart). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / KUH4
65 1975 Baum, Richard. Prelude to revolution : Mao, the party, and the peasant question, 1962-66. (New York, N.Y. : Columbia University Press, 1975). Publication / BauR5
66 1975 Uhalley, Stephen. Mao Tse-tung : a critical biography. (New York, N.Y. : New Viewpoints, 1975). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Uha3
67 1975 Reusch, Jürgen. Maoismus in der Krise : "Kritisiert Lin Biao und Konfuzius ...". (Frankfurt a.M. : Marxistische Blätter, 1975). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Reu2
68 1975 Max, Rolf. Maoismus und historische Mission der Arbeiterklasse. (Frankfurt a.M. : Verlag Marxistische Blätter, 1975). (Zur Kritik der bürgerlichen Ideologie ; 54). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / MaxR2
69 1975 Sachariev, Sacharij. Über den antileninistischen Charakter der maoistischen Partei. (Sofia : Sofia-Press, 1975). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Sacha1
70 1975 Peters, Helmut. Maoismus und Imperialismus. (Berlin : Staatsverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1975). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / PetH1
71 1975 Zur Auseinandersetzung mit dem Maoismus. (Berlin : Institut für Gesellschaftswisenschaften ; 12 (1975). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / MaoZ10
  • Source: Worldcat/OCLC (WC, Web)
72 1975 Dittmar, Peter. Wörterbuch der chinesischen Revolution. (Freiburg i.B. : Herder, 1975). (Herderbücherei, 511). [Ereignisse, Begriffe, Parolen ; 179 Hauptstichwörter, 436 Verweisstichwörter ; mit Erläuterungen zu den 'Worten des Vorsitzenden Mao Zedong']. Publication / DitP2
73 1975 Pao, Jo-wang [Bao, Ruowang]. Gefangener bei Mao. Hrsg. von Rudolph Chelminski. (Bern : Scherz, 1975). [Mao Zedong].
=
Bao, Ruowan. Prisoner of Mao. (New York, N.Y. : Penguin Books, 1976). 		Publication / BaoR1
74 1975 Chen, Jack. Inside the cultural revolution. (London : Sheldonnn, 1975).
=
Chen, Jack. Chinas Rote Garden : Jack Chen erlebt Maos Kulturrevolution. (Stuttgart : Klett, 1975). [Lin Biao, Mao Zedong]. 		Publication / ChenJ1
75 1976 Scharping, Thomas. Mao-Chronik : Daten zu Leben und Werk. Zusammengestellt von Thomas Scharping. (München : Hanser, 1976). (Reihe Hanser ; 216. Reihe Hanser Chroniken). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / ST6
76 1976 Wladimirow, P.P. [Vladimirov, Petr Parfenovich]. Das Sondergebiet Chinas 1942-1945. (Berlin : Dietz, 1976). Übersetzung von Vladimirov, P[etr] P[arfenovich]. Osobiyi raion Kitaia. (Moskva : Izd-vo agentstva pechati Novosti, 1973). [Betr. Yan'an (Shaanxi) ; Mao Zedong]. Publication / Vla1
  • Cited by: Asien-Orient-Institut Universität Zürich (AOI, Organisation)
  • Person: Vladimirov, Petr Parfenovich
77 1976 FitzGerald, C.P. Mao Tse-tung and China. With a foreword by A.L. Rowse. (London : Hodder and Stoughton, 1976). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Fitz19
78 1976 Pye, Lucian W. Mao Tse-tung : the man in the leader. (New York, N.Y. : Basic Books, 1976). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Pye13
79 1976 Janssen, Karl-Heinz. Das Zeitalter Maos : Chinas Aufstieg zur Supermacht. (Düsseldorf : Diederichs, 1976). Publication / JansK1
  • Source: Worldcat/OCLC (WC, Web)
  • Person: Janssen, Karl-Heinz
80 1976 Han, Suyin. Wind in the tower. (London : Cape, 1976).
=
Han, Suyin. Der Flug des Drachen : Mao Tse-tung und die chinesische Revolution. (Esslingen am Neckar : Bechtle, 1977). 		Publication / HanSu6
81 1976 Cassinelli, C.W. Total revolution : a comparative study of Germany under Hitler, the Soviet Union under Stalin and China under Mao. (Santa Barbara, Calif. : American Bibliographical Center, 1976). (Studies in comparative politics ; 10). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / CasCW1
82 1976 Mao Tsetung : sein Leben in Gedichten, Reportagen und Dokumenten. (Hamburg : GEWISO-Buchvertrieb, 1976). (Freundschaft mit China ; Nr. 5). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / MaoZ9
83 1976 Guikovaty, Emile. Mao : réalités d’une légende. (Paris : R. Laffont, 1976). [Mao Zedong]-
=
Guikovaty, Emile. Das neue China des Mao Tse-Tung. (Frankfurt a.M. :: S. Fischer, 1977).  		Publication / Guik1
84 1977 Cheng, Yingxiang ; Cadart, Claude. Les deux morts de Mao Tsé-toung ; Commentaires pour Tian'an men l'empouprée de Hua Linshan. (Paris : Seuil, 1977). [Mao Zedong ; Zhou Enlai]. Publication / Cad5
85 1977 Li, Rui. The early revolutionary activities of comrade Mao Tse-tung. Transl. by Anthony W. Sariti ; ed. by James C. Hsiung ; introd. by Stuart R. Schram. (White Plains, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 1977). (China book project). Übersetzung von Li, Rui. Mao Zedong tong zhi de chu qi ge ming huo dong. (Beijing : Zhongguo qing nian chu ban she, 1957).
毛澤东同志的初期革命活动 		Publication / Hsi8
86 1977 Meisner, Maurice J. Mao's China : a history of the People's republic. (New York, N.Y. : Free Press, 1977). (The transformation of modern China series). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / MeiM3
87 1977 Wilson, Dick. Mao Tse-tung in the scales of history : a preliminary assessment. (Cambrideg : Cambridge University Press, 1977). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / WilsD2
88 1977 Klein, Dietmar. Maoismus: Kontinuität und Diskontinuität : Bilanz und Perspektiven der Entwicklung nach dem Tode Mao Tse-tungs. (Bochum : Brockmeyer, 1977). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / KleinD1
89 1977 Hoffmann, Rainer. Maos Rebellen : Sozialgeschichte der chinesischen Kulturrevolution. (Hamburg : Hoffmann und Campe, 1977). [Mao Zedong]- Publication / HoffR3
90 1977 Kuntze, Peter. Mao Tse-tung. (Hamburg : Dressler, 1977). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Kundt1
91 1977 Witke, Roxane. Genossin Tschiang Tsching : die Gefährtin Maos erzählt ihr Leben. (Frankfurt a.M. : Ullstein, 1977). [Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong]. Publication / WitR1
92 1977 Petersen, Joachim. Maos stählerne Transportlinien : das Eisenbahnwesen der Volksrepublik China. (Augsburg : Rösler und Zimmer, 1977). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / PeteJ1
93 1977 Schäfer, Ingo. Grundzüge des dialektischen Denkens in den Schriften von Li Ta-chao
und Mao Tse-tung. (Frankfurt a.M. : Haag & Herchen, 1977). [Li Dazhao, Mao Zedong]. 		Publication / SchaI2
94 1978 Lippert, Wolfgang. Von Sun Yat-sen zu Mao Tse-tung : Grundzüge der revolutionären Entwicklung Chinas seit 1911. (Stuttgart : E. Klett, 1978). Neubearbeitung von Die Volksrepublik China nach Maos Tod. In : Politische Bildung ; 2 (1969). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / LIPW3
95 1978 Martin, Helmut. Kult und Kanon : Entstehung und Entwicklung des Staatsmaoismus 1935-1978. (Hamburg : Institut für Asienkunde, 1978). (Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde Hamburg ; Nr. 99). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Mart18
96 1978 L'eredità di Mao Tse-tung : un primo bilancio. Scritti die E[nrica] Collotti Pischel [et al.]. (Pavia : Centro studi per i popoli extra-europei, Università ; Milano : A. Giuffrè, 1978). (Politico quaderni ; no 17). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Pis6
97 1978 Hennicke, Peter. Die entwicklungstheoretischen Konzeptionen Mao Tse-tungs : historische Grundlagen und sozialökonomische Bedingungen der Entwicklungspolitik der Volksrepublik China (1927-1957). (München : Minerva Publikation, 1978).
=
Hennicke, Peter. Historische Grundlagen und sozialökonomische Bedingungen der Entwicklungspolitik der Volksrepublik China unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der entwicklungstheoretischen Konzeptionen Mao Tse-tungs (1927-1957). (München : Minerva Publikation, 1978). 		Publication / HennP2
98 1978 Schäfer, Ingo. Mao Tse-tung : eine Einführung in sein Denken. (München : Beck, 1978). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / SchäfI1
99 1978 Glebov, Vladimir S. Maoismus, Parolen und Praxis. (Moskau : APN-Verlag, 1978).
=
Glebov, Vladimir S. Maoism : slogans and practice. (Moscow : Novosti Press Agency Publ. House, 1978). [Mao Zedong]. 		Publication / Gleb1
  • Source: Worldcat/OCLC (WC, Web)
  • Person: Glebov, Vladimir S.
100 1978 Menne, Dieter. China nach Mao. (Stuttgart : Klett, 1978). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Menne1
101 1978 Bettelheim, Charles. Fragen über China nach Mao Tse-tungs Tod. (Berlin : Verlag Berliner Hefte, 1978). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / BettC3
  • Source: Worldcat/OCLC (WC, Web)
  • Person: Bettelheim, Charles
102 1979 [Snow, Edgar]. Mao Zedong yi jiu san liu nian tong Sinuo de tan hua : guan yu zi ji de ge ming jing li he Hong jun chang zheng deng wen ti = Mao Zedong 1936 nian tong Sinuo de tan hua. (Beijing : Ren min chu ban she, 1979).
毛泽东一九三六年同斯诺的谈话 : 关于自己的革命经历和红军长征等问题. 		Publication / Sno37
103 1979 Kang, Chong-sook. China in Waffen : die Rüstungs- und Abrüstungspolitik der Volksrepublik China von 1969 bis zum Tod Mao Tse-Tungs. (Frankfurt a.M. : Haag und Herchen, 1979). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / KangC1
104 1979 Gudosnikov, Leonid Moiseevic. China nach Mao. (Moskva : Novosti, 1979). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Gudo1
  • Source: Worldcat/OCLC (WC, Web)
  • Person: Gudosnikov, Leonid Moiseevic
105 1979 Schwartz, Benjamin. Chinese communism and the rise of Mao. (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1979). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / SchwaB1
  • Source: Worldcat/OCLC (WC, Web)
  • Person: Schwartz, Benjamin
106 1980 Terrill, Ross. Mao : a biography. (New York, N.Y. : Harper & Row, 1980). [Mao Zedong].
=
Terrill, Ross. Mao : eine Biographie. (Hamburg : Hoffmann und Campe, 1981). 		Publication / Ter7
107 1980 Wilson, Dick. Mao, the people's emperor : a biography of Mao Tse-tung. (London : Futura Publications, 1980). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / WilsD3
108 1980 Grunzig, Georg. Die Entstellung des Wesens der sozialistischen Demokratie in der maoistischen Verfassungskonzeption. (Potsdam-Babelsberg : Akademie für Staats- und Rechtswissenschaft der DDR, 1980). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Grunz1
109 1981 Wang, Ming. 50 Jahre KP Chinas und der Verrat Mao Zedongs. (Berlin : Dietz, 1981). Publication / WangM19
110 1982 Power and protest in the countryside : studies of rural unrest in Asia, Europe, and Latin America. Ed. by Robert P. Weller and Scott E. Guggenheim. (Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press, 1982). [Enthält Mao Zedong]. Publication / Well3
111 1982 Schickel, Joachim. Im Schatten Mao Tse-Tungs : Chinas nahe Geschichte. (Frankfurt a.M. : Fischer Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1982). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / SchickJ2
112 1983 Schram, Stuart R. Mao Zedong : a preliminary reassessment. (Hong Kong : Chinese University Press, 1983). (United College distinguished visiting scholar lectures ; 1982). Publication / Schra16
113 1983 Schäfer, Ingo. Populäre Sprachformen und politische Argumentation : zur Funktion der Idiomatik in den Schriften Mao Zedongs. (Frankfurt a.M. : Haag und Herchen, 1983). Publication / SchäfI2
114 1983 Yang, Jai-Hyuck. Der Begriff der Natur in der Lehre von Mao Tse-tung und seine Wurzeln in der altchinesischen Philosophie. Diss. Univ. Karlsruhe, 1983. Publication / YangJH1
115 1986 Meisner, Maurice J. Mao's China and after : a history of the People's republic. (New York, N.Y. : Free Press, 1986). (The transformation of modern China series). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / MeiM5
116 1987 [Schram, Stuart R.]. Mao Zedong. Situ'erte Shilamu zhu ; Zhong gong zhong yang wen xian yan jiu shi "Guo wai yan jiu Mao Zedong si xiang zi liao xuan ji" bian ji zu bian yi. (Beijing : Hong qi chu ban she, 1987). (Guo wai yan jiu Mao Zedong si xiang zi liao xuan ji ; 1). Übersetzung von Schram, Stuart R. Mao Tse-tung. (London : Allen Lane, 1967). (Political leaders of the twentieth century). [Repr. with revisions. (Harmondsworth : Penguin, 1972)]. Publication / Schra21
117 1987 Schoenhals, Michael. Saltationist socialism : Mao Zedong and the great leap forward, 1958. (Stockholm : JINAB, 1987). Publication / SchoM2
118 1988 Philosophy and politics in Mao texts of the Yan'an period. Guest ed. : Nick Knight. (Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 1988). (Chinese studies in philosophy ; 19, 2). Publication / Kni10
119 1988 Mao Zedong dalla politica alla storia. A cura di Enrica Collotti Pischel, Emilia Giancotti, Aldo Natoli. (Roma : Ed. riuniti, 1988). (Politica ; 6). [Tagung Urbino, 18-21 nov . 1986]. Publication / Pis8
120 1989 Schram, Stuart R. The thought of Mao Tse-tung. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1989). (Contemporary China Institute publications). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Schra18
121 1989 [Terrill, Ross]. Mao Zedong di hou ban sheng. Luosi Teli'er zhu ; Zeng Hu [et al.] yi ; Li Weiguo, Meng Guang jiao. (Beijing : Shi jie zhi shi chu ban she, 1989). Übersetzung von Terrill, Ross. Mao : a biography. (New York, N.Y. : Harper & Row, 1980).
毛澤東的后半生 		Publication / Ter17
122 1990 [Schram, Stuart R.]. Mao Zedong di si xiang. Situ'erte Shilamu zhu ; Zhong gong zhong yang wen xian yan jiu shi "Guo wai yan jiu Mao Zedong si xiang zi liao xuan ji" bian ji zu bian yi. (Beijing : Zhong yang wen xian chu ban she, 1990). (Guo wai yan jiu Mao Zedong si xiang zi liao xuan ji ; 4). Übersetzung von Mao, Tse-tung [Mao, Zedong]. The political thought of Mao Tse-tung. Ed. by Stuart R. Schram. (London : Pall Mall Press, 1963). [Rev. and enl. ed.]. (New York, N.Y. : Praeger, 1969)].
毛泽东的思想 		Publication / Schra20
123 1990 [Terrill, Ross]. Mao Zedong zhuan : xiu ding ben. R. Telier zhu ; Liu Luxin, Gao Qingguo deng yi ; Hu Weixiung jiao. (Shijiazhuang : Hebei ren min chu ban she, 1990). Übersetzung von Terrill, Ross. Mao : a biography. (New York, N.Y. : Harper & Row, 1980).
毛泽东传: 修订本 		Publication / Ter16
124 1992-2005 Mao's road to power : revolutionary writings 1912-1949. Stuart R. Schram, editor. (Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 1992-2005).
Vol. 1 : The pre-marxist period, 1912-1920.
Vol. 2 : National revolution and social revolution, Dec. 1920-June 1927.
Vol. 3 : From the Jinggangshan to the establishment of the Jiangxi Soviets, July 1927-Dec. 1930.
Vol. 4 : The rise and fall of the Chinese Soviet Republic, 1931-1934.
Vol. 5 : Toward the second united front, Jan. 1935-July 1937.
Vol. 6 : The new stage, Aug. 1937-1938.
Vol. 7 : New democracy, 1939-1941. Stuart R. Schram, editor, Nancy J. Hodes, associate editor, Lyman P. Van Slyke, guest associate editor. 		Publication / Schra22
125 1992 The political thought of Mao Zedong : studies from China, 1981-1989. Guest ed. : Nick Knight. (Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 1992). (Chinese studies in philosophy ; 23, 3-4). Publication / Kni9
126 1993 Mao, Deng Zihui, and the politics of agricultural cooperativization. Guest editors, Frederick C. Teiwes and Warren Sun. (Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 1993). (Chinese law and government ; vol. 26, no 3-4). Publication / Tei7
127 1993 The politics of agricultural cooperativization in China : Mao, Deng Zihui, and the "high tide" of 1955. Frederick C. Teiwes, Warren Sun, editors. (Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 1993). (An East gate book). Publication / Tei11
128 1994 [Wakeman, Frederic]. Li shi yu yi zhi : Mao Zedong si xiang de zhe xue tou shi. Wei Feide zhu ; Zheng Dahua yi. (Guiyang : Guizhou ren min chu ban she, 1994). (Er shi shi ji Zhongguo wen hua yan jiu wen ku). Übersetzung von Wakeman, Frederic. History and will : philosophical perspectives of Mao Tse-tung's thought. (Berkeley, Calif. : University of California Press, 1973). (Publications / Center for Chinese Studies).
历史与意志 : 毛泽东思想的哲学透视 		Publication / Wak22
129 1995 Mao Zedong : der unsterbliche Revolutionär ? : Versuch einer kritischen Neubewertung anlässlich des 100. Geburtstages. Thomas Heberer (Hrsg.). (Hamburg : Institut für Asienkunde, 1995). (Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde Hamburg ; Nr. 247). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / HT13
130 1996 Benton, Gregor. At the brink : Xiang Ying and Mao Zedong : countdown to the Wannan incident, March 1939-January 1941 : chronicle and documents. (Leeds : University of Leeds, Department of East Asian Studies, 1996). (Leeds East Asia papers ; no 38). Publication / Bent6
131 1996 Barmé, Geremie R. Shades of Mao : the posthumous cult of the great leader. (Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 1996). (An East gate book). [Mao Zedong]. Publication / Barm3
132 1997 Critical perspectives on Mao Zedong's thought. Ed. by Arif Dirlik, Paul Healy and Nick Knight. (Atlantic Highland, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1997). Publication / Dir3
133 1999 Mao Tse-toung. Sous la direction de François Joyaux. (Paris : L'Herne ; Fayard, 1999). (Les cahiers de l'Herne ; 18). [Enthält Texte von Mao Zedong]. Publication / Joy6
134 1999 Spence, Jonathan D. Mao Zedong. (New York, N.Y. : Viking Press, 1999). Publication / Spe18
135 1999 Liu, Yongji. Bian zheng li shi : cong Heige'er, Makesi, Mao Zedong de bian zheng si xiang yu li shi bian ge lun she hui zhu yi de zhe xue ji chu. (Beijing : Zhongguo jing ji chu ban she, 1999). (Xin shi ji jing ji lun tan). [Abhandlung über marxistische Philosophie, Dialektik ; Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, Mao Zedong].
辩证历史 : 从黑格尔马克思毛泽东的辩证思想与历史变革论社会主义的哲学基础 		Publication / Hegel148
136 1999 Short, Philip. Mao : a life. (London : Hodder & Stoughton, 1999). [Mao Zedong].
. 		Publication / Short2
137 2002 An intellectual history of modern China. Ed. by Merle Goldman, Leo Ou-fan Lee. (Cambridge ; New York, N.Y. : Cambridge University Press, 2002). Publication / GolM5
138 2002 Mao Zedong and China's revolution : a brief history with documents. Ed. by Timothy Cheek. (New York, N.Y. : Palgrave Macmillan, 2002). Publication / CheT4
139 2004 [Spence, Jonathan D.] Hu nao ling zhu Mao Zedong : yong bu xiu zhi de dian fu yu mao xian. Shi Jingqian zhu ; Lin Zongxian yi. (Xindian : Zuo an wen hua, 2004). (Zuo biao zhuan ji ; 1). Übersetzung von Spence, Jonathan D. Mao Zedong. (New York, N.Y. : Viking Press, 1999).
胡鬧領主毛澤東 : 永不休止的顚覆與冒險 		Publication / Spe28
140 2005 [Meisner, Maurice J.]. Mao Zedong de Zhongguo ji qi hou : Zhonghua ren min gong he guo shi. Molisi Maisina zhu ; Du Pu yi. Übersetzung von Meisner, Maurice J. Mao's China and after : a history of the People's republic. (New York, N.Y. : Free Press, 1986). (The transformation of modern China series).
毛澤東的中國及其後 : 中華人民共和國史 		Publication / MeiM9
141 2005 Knight, Nick. Marxist philosophy in China : from Qu Qiubai to Mao Zedong, 1923-1945. (Dordrecht : Springer, 2005). Publication / Kni2
  • Source: Qu, Qiubai. Makesi he Engesi. (1924). In : Qu Qiubai wen ji ; vol. 7 (1987-1995). [Marx und Engels].
    马克思和恩格斯 (QuQ10, Publication)
  • Cited by: Worldcat/OCLC (WC, Web)
  • Person: Ai, Siqi
  • Person: Knight, Nick
  • Person: Li, Da
  • Person: Qu, Qiubai
142 2007 Meisner, Maurice J. Mao Zedong : a political and intellectual portrait. (Cambridge : Polity, 2007). (Political profiles). Publication / MeiM8
143 2007 Knight, Nick. Rethinking Mao : explorations in Mao Zedong's thought. (Lanham, Md. : Lexington Books, 2007). Publication / Kni5
144 2007 [Terrill, Ross]. Mao Zedong. Luosi Teli'er zhu ; Hu Weixiong, Zheng Yuchen yi. (Taibei : Bo ya shu wu you xian gong si, 2007). Übersetzung von Terrill, Ross. Mao : a biography. (New York, N.Y. : Harper & Row, 1980).
毛澤東 		Publication / Ter20
145 2013 Schoenhals, Michael. Spying for the people : Mao's secret agents, 1949-1967. (New York, N.Y. : Cambridge University Press, 2013). Publication / SchoM3