Chronology Entries
| # | Year | Text |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1900-1932 |
Willoughby Hemingway ist als Arzt und Missionar der Shanxi Mission in Taigu. Er hilft 1901 die Mission wieder aufzubauen und gründet das Taigu Spital.
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| 2 | 1900 |
Fritz Max Weiss wird Dolmetscher an verschiedenen Konsulaten in China.
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| 3 | 1900-1940 |
Cather, Willa. Works.
http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?amode=start&author=Cather%2c%20Willa%2c%201873-1947. 1900 Cather, Willa. Frank Norris. Blix. In : The courier ; Jan. 13 (1900). If you want to read a story that is all wheat and no chaff, read "Blix."... So it happened that their real love affair never began until one morning when "Landy" had to go down to the wharf to write up a whaleback, and "Blix" went along, and an old sailor told them a story and "Blix" recognized the literary possibilities of it, and they had lunch in a Chinese restaurant, and "Landy" because he was a newspaper man and it was the end of the week, didn't have any change about his clothes, and "Blix" had to pay the bill. And it was in that green old tea house that "Landy" read "Blix" one of his favorite yarns by Kipling, and she in a calm, off-handed way, recognized one of the fine, technical points in it, and "Landy" almost went to pieces for joy of her doing it. That scene in the Chinese restaurant is one of the prettiest bits of color you'll find to rest your eyes upon, and mighty good writing it is… 1905 Cather, Willa. The garden lodge. In : Cather, Willa. The troll garden. (New York, N.Y. : McClure, Phillips & Co., 1905). Shuddering, she thought of the Arabian fairy tale in which the genie brought the princess of China to the sleeping prince of Damascus and carried her through the air back to her palace at dawn… 1905 Cather, Willa. The sculptor's funeral. In : McClure's magazine (1905). He looked painfully about over the clover-green Brussels, the fat plush upholstery, among the hand-painted china plaques and panels, and vases, for some mark of identification, for something that might once conceivably have belonged to Harvey Merrick… 1912 Cather, Willa. Alexander's bridge. (Boston : H. Mifflin, 1912). It was a tiny room, hung all round with French prints, above which ran a shelf full of china… 1913 Cather, Willa. O pioneers! (Boston : H. Mifflin, 1913. There he was, turning over a portfolio of chromo "studies" which the druggist sold to the Hanover women who did china-painting… He disliked the litter of human dwellings: the broken food, the bits of broken china, the old wash-boilers and tea-kettles thrown into the sunflower patch… The table was set for company in the dining-room, where highly varnished wood and colored glass and useless pieces of china were conspicuous enough to satisfy the standards of the new prosperity… 1915 Cather, Willa. The song of the lark. (Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company, 1915). He was a blissfully lazy child, and had a number of long, dull plays, such as making nests for his china duck and waiting for her to lay him an egg… At this moment Giddy, freshly shaved and shampooed, his shirt shining with the highest polish known to Chinese laundrymen, his straw hat tipped over his right eye, thrust his head in at the door… There was no one in the parlor but the medical student, who was playing one of Sousa's marches so vigorously that the china ornaments on the top of the piano rattled… At first Landry bought books; then rugs, drawings, china… 1916 Cather, Willa. The bookkeeper's wife. In : Century ; May (1916). Mrs. Brown was ever and again dropping a word before Percy about how the girl that took Charley would have her flat furnished by the best furniture people, and her china-closet stocked with the best ware, and would have nothing to worry about but nicks and scratches… 1918 Cather, Willa. My Antonia. (Boston : H. Mifflin, 1918). The Black Hawk boys looked forward to marrying Black Hawk girls, and living in a brand-new little house with best chairs that must not be sat upon, and hand-painted china that must not be used… Mrs. Cutter painted china so assiduously that even her wash-bowls and pitchers, and her husband's shaving-mug, were covered with violets and lilies. Once, when Cutter was exhibiting some of his wife's china to a caller, he dropped a piece… Once when they had quarrelled about household expenses, Mrs. Cutter put on her brocade and went among their friends soliciting orders for painted china, saying that Mr. Cutter had compelled her 'to live by her brush.' Cutter wasn't shamed as she had expected; he was delighted!... 'But I thought Lapland women were fat and ugly, and had squint eyes, like Chinese?' I objected… Her hands were so uncertain that she could no longer disfigure china, poor woman!... 1919 Cather, Willa. Her boss. In : Smart set ; Oct. (1919). Wanning leaned against the china closet and talked to Sam for nearly half an hour… 1920 Cather, Willa. Youth and the bright Medusa. (New York, N.Y. : A.A. Knopf, 1920). Her tiny Chinese slippers were embroidered so richly that they resembled the painted porcelain of old vases… "After he began to make headway with misses' and juniors' cloaks, he became a collector--etchings, china, old musical instruments… He looked at the clover-green Brussels, the fat plush upholstery, among the hand-painted china placques and panels and vases, for some mark of identification,--for something that might once conceivably have belonged to Harvey Merrick… 1922 Cather, Willa. One of ours. (New York, N.Y. : Alfred A. Knopf, 1922). On a table in the middle of the room were pipes and boxes of tobacco, cigars in a glass jar, and a big Chinese bowl full of cigarettes… Carrie Royce, Enid's older sister, was a missionary in China… Gladys Farmer was the only Frankfort girl who had ever gone much to the mill house. Nobody was surprised when Caroline Royce, the older daughter, went out to China to be a missionary, or that her mother let her go without a protest… "Not to do what I want to. The only thing I really want to do is to go out to China and help Carrie in her work. Mother thinks I'm not strong enough. But Carrie was never very strong here. She is better in China, and I think I might be."… She was too much with her mother, and with her own thoughts. Flowers and foreign missions--her garden and the great kingdom of China; there was something unusual and touching about her preoccupations… If Gladys Farmer went to China, everybody would miss her… "Father says I play passably well. When you are better you must let me bring up my ivory chessmen that Carrie sent me from China… "My God, Claude, what do you want of a cellar as deep as that? When your wife takes a notion to go to China, you can open a trap-door and drop her through!"… It always looked to me like Enid had her face set for China, but I haven't seen her for a good while,--not since before she went off to Michigan with the old lady."… After a long pause he broke out suddenly, "China has been drummed into my ears. It seems like a long way to go to hunt for trouble, don't it? A man hasn't got much control over his own life, Claude. If it ain't poverty or disease that torments him, it's a name on the map. I could have made out pretty well, if it hadn't been for China, and some other things… Mr. Royce shook his head. "I don't know. It don't seem fair that China should hang over you, too."… You may find a tenant in here when you get back from China."… And if he had a wife at all, it was like him to have a wife in China!... Enid had packed her best linen in her cedar chest and had put the kitchen and china closets in scrupulous order before she went away… Besides collecting war pictures, Mahailey now hunted through the old magazines in the attic for pictures of China. She had marked on her big kitchen calendar the day when Enid would arrive in Hong-Kong… From time to time, when they were working together, Mrs. Wheeler told Mahailey what she knew about the customs of the Chinese… In a place like Frankfort, a boy whose wife was in China could hardly go to see Gladys without causing gossip… "No, I'm not going to China. I'm going over to help fight the Germans."… Two years ago he had seemed a fellow for whom life was over; driven into the ground like a post, or like those Chinese criminals who are planted upright in the earth, with only their heads left out for birds to peck at and insects to sting… "Even the old ones do not often complain about their dear things--their linen, and their china, and their beds… 1923 Cather, Willa. A lost lady. (New York, N.Y. : Alfred A. Knopf, 1923). "I haven't seen her lately. She was striking,--china blue eyes and heaps of yellow hair, not exactly yellow,--what they call an ashen blond, I believe."… Her eyes were, as Mrs. Forrester had said, a china blue, rather prominent and inexpressive… He looked like a wise old Chinese mandarin as he lay listening to the young man's fantastic story with perfect composure, merely blinking and saying, "Thank you, Niel, thank you."… 1925 Cather, Willa. The Professor's house. (New York, N.Y. : Alfred A. Knopf, 1925. "There's altogether too much of that, Professor. So many of my customers are using it now--ladies you wouldn't expect would. They say most of it was cut off the heads of dead Chinamen… Introductions over, it was the Professor's son-in-law, Louie Marsellus, who took Sir Edgar in hand. He remembered having met in China a Walter Spilling, who was, it turned out, a brother of Sir Edgar. Marsellus had also a brother there, engaged in the silk trade. They exchanged opinions on conditions of the Orient, while young McGregor put on his horn-rimmed spectacles and roamed restlessly up and down the library. The two daughters sat near their mother, listening to the talk about China… Gaston, the one he loved best, was dead--killed in the Boxer uprising in China… He began to walk softly about in his slippers, looking at nothing, but, as he talked, picking up objects here and there,--drawing-tools, his cocoa-cup, a china cream-pitcher, turning them round and carefully putting them down again, just as he often absently handled pieces of apparatus when he was lecturing… Louie accompanied them to Chicago, where he was to join his brother, the one who was in the silk trade in China, and go on to New York with him for a family reunion… At Aix-les-Bains they found a gorgeous dressing-gown for him in a Chinese shop… 1926 Cather, Willa. My mortal enemy. (New York, N.Y. : Alfred A. Knopf, 1926). When I entered she was sitting in a wheel-chair by an open window, wrapped in a Chinese dressing-gown, with a bright shawl over her feet… 1927 Cather, Willa. Death comes for the archbishop. (New York, N.Y. : Alfred A. Knopf, 1927). There Jacinto knelt down over a fissure in the stone floor, like a crack in china, which was plastered up with clay… 1931 Cather, Willa. Shadows on the rock (New York, N.Y. : Alfred A. Knopf, 1931). The same candelabra and china shepherd boy sat on the mantel, the same colour prints of pastoral scenes hung on the walls… But no, she really believed that everything in the house, the furniture, the china shepherd boy, the casseroles in the kitchen, knew that the herbarium had been restored to the high shelves and that the world was not going to be destroyed this winter… 1932 Cather, Willa. Obscure destinies. (New York, N.Y. : Alfred A. Knopf, 1932). Some country housekeepers would have stopped to spread a white cloth over the oilcloth, to change the thick cups and plates for their best china, and the wooden-handled knives for plated ones… Mrs. Rosen in one of her blue working dresses, the indigo blue that became a dark skin and dusky red cheeks with a tone of salmon colour, was in her shining kitchen, washing her beautiful dishes-- her neighbours often wondered why she used her best china and linen every day--when Vickie Templeton came in with a book under her arm… 1940 Cather, Willa. Sapphira and the slave girl. (New York, N.Y. : Alfred A. Knopf, 1940). The china was of good quality (as were all the Mistress's things); surprisingly good to find on the table of a country miller in the Virginia backwoods… Lizzie rolled her eyes that shone like black-and-white china marbles… |
| 4 | 1900-1916 |
Jack London : allgemein.
Quellen : Hearn, Lafcadio. Japan : an attempt at interpretation. (1904). Hearn, Lafcadio. Kokoro : hints and echoes of Japanese inner life. (1896). Hearn, Lafcadio. Glimpses of unfamiliar Japan. Bird, Isabella. Korea and her neighbors. 1893 Jack London visited Japan. He joined the crew of the Sophia Southerland. 1904 Jack London went to the Far East as war correspondent and photographer for the Russo-Japanese war, for the San Francisco Examiner, Collier's, the New York Herald and Harper's Magazine. He arrived in Tokyo aboard the SS. Siberia and traveled through Korea and Manchuria. Daniel A. Métraux : London was critical of Japanese officials and censors during the Russo- Japanese War, but his correspondence on Japanese soldiers and Chinese and Korean civilians was very sympathetic. After his return from Manchuria in 1904, and until his death in 1916, London's writings show increasing concern and admiration for the people of Asia and the South Pacific. He very accurately predicted that Asia was in the process of waking up, and that countries like Japan and China would emerge as major economic powers with the capacity to com-pete with the West as the twentieth century progressed. London also declared that West-erners must make concerted efforts to meet with Japanese and Chinese, so that they could begin to understand each other better as equals. During and after his time in Korea and Manchuria, London developed a thesis that postulated the rise, first of Japan and then of China, as major twentieth century economic and industrial powers. London suggested that Japan would not be satisfied with its seizure of Korea in the Russo-Japanese War, that it would in due course take over Manchuria, and would then seize control of China with the goal of using the Chinese with their huge pool of labor and their valuable resources for its own benefit. Once awakened by Japan, however, the Chinese would oust the Japanese and rise as a major industrial power whose economic prowess would cause the West so much distress, by the mid-1970s they would launch a violent attack on China to remove them as economic threats. He warned that the West was living in a bubble—that its incredible power and wealth, and its tenacious hold on Asia, would burst in due course, and that the center of world power would shift to East Asia. London predicted that initially the transition would be peaceful, because Asia’s rise would be primarily economic, but in the end, war between East and West would be inevitable. London predicted that Western nations, terrified of China's rising power, would unite and together do its utmost to savagely wipe out Chinese civilization. One of the major problems facing the West, London surmised, was that Westerners, living in their self-contained, ignorant bliss, had no understanding of Asian cultures and were far too confident of their superiority to realize that their days of world power were numbered. In dispatches from Korea and Manchuria during the Russo-Japanese War, and in several postwar essays, London analyzed the potential of the three major cultures he encountered, and predicted which ones would rise to world dominance. For London, and for other writers of the time, Russia’s defeat by Japan was a critically important turning point in the way the American press represented Asians; journalists began to challenge the long-held belief in the innate superiority of the white race. London made a clear distinction between the Chinese and the Japanese. He labeled the Chinese as the Yellow Peril and the Japanese as the Brown Peril. Even though Japan was on the ascent in 1904-1905, while China was moribund, London was confident that in the end, Japan lacked both the size and the spirit to lead an Asian renaissance. That task would devolve to China. He predicted that Japan would launch a crusade crying 'Asia for the Asiatics,' but that their contribution would be to act as a catalyst that would awaken the Chinese. London pointed out that the entire white population of Europa and North America was still outnumbered by Chinese and Japanese. Critics questioned how it would be possible to awaken China. The West had been trying to do just that for many decades and had failed. Then, how could the Japanese succeed? London's rather sophisticated response was that the Japanese better understood the Chinese because they had built their country on an imported foundation of Chinese culture. London also had considerable admiration for Chinese civilization and predicted that when its people "woke up," it would become a world superpower, becoming so powerful by 1976 that the nations of the West would rally together to curtail China's dominance. He found the Chinese to be intelligent, clever, pragmatic and extremely hard-working. Tragically, however, China had been held back by a conservative governing elite who feared innovation and who looked to the glories of their nation's past and shunned chances to learn from the technologically superior West or from the recent achievements of the Japanese. London believed that the only hope for the Chinese is a revolution from below, because the lethargic literati who governed China did so with an iron hand. The rulers would make no concessions to modernize China, for to do so would cause them to lose their power and wealth. The real tragedy, notes London, is that so little had changed in China for centuries because "government was in the hands of the learned classes, and that these governing scholars found their salvation lay in suppressing all progressive ideas." London predicted that the Chinese Revolution and future ascendancy would be triggered by a Japanese invasion of China. Looking to the future in 1905, London conjectured that Japan would never be satisfied with control over Korea. Just above Korea lay Manchuria, with its huge deposits of coal and iron, the very ingredients that Japan would need to expand its industrial empire. South of Manchuria lay 400 million highly disciplined workers who, if harnessed by the Japanese, could become the factory workers and miners who would make Japan a truly great world power. London predicted that Japan would go to war with China to maintain its status as a great power, but ultimately the Japanese met defeat and lost their empire in Taiwan, Korea and Manchuria. Japan then became a peaceful nation no longer interested in remaining as a major military power. But to everybody's surprise, China too was not war-like—her strength lay "in the fecundity of her loins" and by 1970 the country's population stood at a half billion and was spilling over its boundaries. In 1970, when France made a stand for Indo-China, China sent down an army of a million men and "The French force was brushed aside like a fly." France then landed a punitive expedition of 250,000 men and watched as it was "swallowed up in China's cavernous maw. . . ." Then as China expanded Siam fell, the southern boundary of Siberia was pressed hard and all other border areas from India to Central Asia were absorbed, as well as Burma and what is now Malaysia. The Great Powers of Europe came together and decided that the Chinese threat must be eradicated. They sent a great military and naval force towards China which in turn mobilized all of its forces. But although the great armies approached each other, there was no invasion. Instead, on May 1st, 1976, an airship flew over Peking dropping tubes of fragile glass that fell on the city and shattered. In due course all of China was bombarded with the glass tubes filled with microbes and bacilli. Within six weeks most of Peking's 11 million people were dead of plagues and every virulent form of infectious disease: smallpox, scarlet fever, yellow fever, cholera, bubonic plague. Before long much of the rest of China experienced the same catastrophe and much of the country became an empty wilderness. London concludes his story commenting on the downfall of China with its billion citizens. It is highly ironic that London so clearly foresaw Japan's eventual seizure of Korea and Manchuria, and its long, difficult invasion of China. Most importantly, he saw that Japan would not be satisfied with the mere defeat of Russia and the seizure of Korea and small parts of southern Manchuria. He foresaw that the Japanese would want to become the powerhouse of Asia and that they would come to realize that they would benefit if they could employ the power of four hun¬dred million Chinese working on their behalf. History tells us that Japan did indeed invade Manchuria for its fertile land and rich natural resources in 1931 and that it invaded China later in the 1930s and 1940s to force the Chinese to accept Japanese supremacy there. A number of Japanese industrialists did indeed build profitable factories in several Chinese cities employing cheap Chinese labor and the Japanese military even installed its own puppet Chinese government in China. London correctly predicted that Japan's incursion into China would so enrage the Chinese that they would rise up and expel the Japanese. This awakening of the "sleeping dragon" of China which in turn would lead to that nation's emergence as a major world power. London penetrates the hearts and souls of non-white people who have suffered deeply from the exploitation of the Anglo-Saxon, but there is very little that is moralistic or didactic in his style. While London shows sympathy for many of his non-white characters, he is above all an artist who attempts to develop the full personalities of the key people in his stories. London was more than a mere chronicler of the twentieth century. He had read exentsively about Japanese and Chinese history before starting his mission as a journalist and had a keen eye for regional history and culture. London, while in Korea demonstrated little respect for Koreans and wrote about them in very negative terms. Only later in his career did he develop genuine respect for Koreans and their culture. He had little faith in the ability of Koreans to save their nation, but was full of praise for the Japanese and Chinese whose rise he predicted in his early writings. Joe Lockard : London repeatedly claims that ther is no true common language between China and the West, that ther exists and unbridgeable divide between these polarized human cultures. As argument, London relates language and writing systems of dunamental opposition between an adaptive but static East and an active, intentive West. The capacity to alter history lies in flexible inventiveness manifested in Europa and the United States whereas China remains in history's cocoon, trapped by its hieroglyphic literacy that reveals an inferior mentality. When London encounters language difference in Asia he posits a hierarchy of human expressive capacity. London's racial attitudes were doubtless complex, shifting, and filtered through his wide variety of experience with human difference. While his critical repuation in China has plunged drastically, the number of new London translations continues to rise and translation introductions remain silen on racism in London's work. |
| 5 | 1900 |
Osvald Sirén promoviert an der Universität Helsinki.
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| 6 | 1900 |
Während des Boxeraufstandes schliesst sich Johan Wilhelm Normann Munthe dem russichen Generalstab an.
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| 7 | 1900 |
Arthur Alison Stuart Barnes nimmt am Boxerkrieg in Tianjin und Beijing teil.
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| 8 | 1900 |
Robert Coltman ist Korrespondetn des Chicago record während des Boxer-Aufstandes.
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| 9 | 1900 |
Während des Boxeraufstandes lebt Moir Duncan in Shanghai. Er wird Übersetzer der Eight-Power Allied Forces und geht nach Taiyuan (Shanxi).
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| 10 | 1900 |
Ukhtomsky, Esper. K sobytiiam v Kitaie [ID D37383].
Alexander Lukin : His fundamental idea was that imperial Russia belonged more to the East than to the West. He believed that Asian countries, including China, had unique cultures at least equal to that of the West and that Asia was a natural Russian ally in Russia’s opposition to the West. He thought that China, awakened by Western violence and material progress, would overcome the West with Western weapons, would leave the West behind, and would run it. He believed that the Confucian principle of deep respect for scholarship, and the custom of working on acquiring wisdom regardless of age, was a partial guarantee that, in time, a most enlightened nation could emerge in East Asia. He sharply criticized Western military actions and the brutality in China, especially during the Boxer rebellion. |
| 11 | 1900 |
Vasil'ev, Vasilij Pavlovic. Kitaiskii progress [37384].
"It is vital to know Chinese literature to see the extent to which the Chinese have developed general human issues and have delved into the meaning of each letter of those books that interest them. Humanity, truth, order, the development of intellectual strength, and honesty : these are the most important issues of Chinese theories. China has everything necessary to achieve the highest level of intellectual, industrial, as well as political progress." Alexander Lukin : Vasil'ev not only disagreed that traditional Chinese beliefs were detrimental to progress, he thought that they could actually stimulate it. He believed that Confucianism, which he thought to be the basis of life in the Chinese nation, stimulated the study of the material world and that the Chinese people had enough wisdom, fantasy, and energetic persistence to master the European positivism and to further develop it. |
| 12 | 1900-1902 |
Benjamin Charles George Scott ist Generalkonsul des britischen Generalkonsulats in Guangzhou (Guangdong).
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| 13 | 1900-1901 |
William Richard Carles ist Generalkonsul des britischen Konsulats in Tianjin.
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| 14 | 1900-ca. 1949 |
Gründung und Bestehen des britischen Konsulats in Nanjing.
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| 15 | 1900-ca. 1916 |
Gründung und Bestehen des britischen Konsulats in in Wuzhou.
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| 16 | 1900-1905 |
Walter James Clennell ist Konsul des britischen Konsulats in Jiujiang.
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| 17 | 1900-1901 |
Harry Halton Fox ist handelnder Vize-Konsul des britischen Konsulats in Shanghai.
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| 18 | 1900-1901 |
Everard Duncan Home Fraser ist handelnder Generalkonsul des britischen Konsulats in Hankou (Hubei).
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| 19 | 1900 |
Das britische Konsulat in Guangzhou wird Generalkonsulat.
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| 20 | 1900-ca. 1905 |
George Demetrius Pitzipios ist Vize-Konsul des britischen Konsulats in Shanghai.
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