China and the West

Pan, Kaipei. Tao Xingzhi jiao yu si xiang de pi pan. (Beijing : Da zhong shu dian, 1952). 陶行知敎育思想的批判
Posthumous attack on Tao Xingzhi and John Dewey :
1) Tao and Dewey's brand of pragmatism denied the possibility of a 'scientific' system of historical laws, derived from analysis of 'objective' situations, and denied that social problems could be solved through the application of a universally valid theoretical system.
2) Tao and other Deweyan educators failed to understand that education was part of the social 'superstructure' and could have meaning only as the instrument of a social class. Tao's faith that education could be a primary force for social betterment was, in the Marxist view, part of a stubbornly persisting error, the 'theory of national salvation through education'.