China and the West

Die kanadische Immigration Politik öffnet sich für chinesische Immigration.

Gründung der Lower Mainland Farmers Cooperative Association in British Columbia.

Elisabeth Riemann ist Missionarin der Rheinischen Missionsgesellschaft in Hong Kong.

Leo Hermann ist Pfarrer in Chishang, Taiwan.

Ernst Manhart ist Pfarrer in Dulan, Taiwan.

Josef Guntern ist Pfarrer in Dawu, Taiwan.

Letter from Bertrand Russell to Zhang Shenfu. 17. Sept. 1962
It was very rewarding for me to receive your thoughtful and kind letter. I am enclosing to you a copy of a programme given to me on the occasion of my ninetieth birthday, which I value and should wish you to have. I am also sending you a copy of my History of the world in epitome which I hope you will like. I should very much like to see you again to discuss all that has happened in the years since we last met. Naturally, those who write about one have their own particular Veltanschauung [sic], which affects their vision of oneself. I am not publishing my autobiography until after my death, because there is so much that affects contemporary events, and because there is much that I am hoping to add to it. The danger of nuclear war is overwhelming and terrifying, and I feel that I must do anything I am able to prevent it. I hope that you will write again, because it was a source of pleasure for me to hear from you.

Letter from Bertrand Russell to Jawaharlal Nehru. Plas Penrhyn, 9. Nov. 1962.
Dear Mr. Nehru, Our recent correspondence concerning our mutual hopes for peace in this dangerous world makes me conscious that in this time of trial for India you will with for her friends to be visible and outspoken. A count myself as a life-time friend of India and an admirer of your own efforts for peace. It is out of such feelings that I write to you now.
The tragic deterioration of relations between India and China holds the most grave forebodings as I am sure you are deeply aware. I feel a sense of urgency because the general outbreak of fullscale war between India and China can not but lead to a world conflagration. I know and painfully understand the difficult choices you face. Events, however, should they advance further in this direction, will permit no return. Should this occur India's vital interests will not be served but irrevocably harmed. Should China be expansionist to the point of wishing such a conflict, every step should be taken to make such policy difficult to sustain. Should she be uncertain as to whether her claims out to be pressed at such cost and danger, every possibility of permitting this consciousness to reach the level of policy should be pursued. I feel that the offer of Chou En-Lai for cease-fire, even if at terms which entail sacrifice, should be accepted if only to enable talks to begin and fighting to cease… Should Chou En-Lai become so unreasoning as to discard any willingness to end fighting what can be in store other than great war between one-third of the world's people ? We know that general nuclear war will be soon upon us if this takes place…

Letter from Zhou Enlai to Bertrand Russell. 16.11.1962. [Extract].
The Chinese attacks on the border with India were in self-defence and that it is hoped that Bertrand Russell can use his influence to promote a peaceful settlement.
Zhou Enlai appeals for Russell to use his influence to promote a peaceful settlement of the Sino-Indian boundary question.
Zhou Enlai comments that so long as there is a ray of hope China will continue to work towards a peaceful settlement of the Sino-Indian border dispute. He also urges Russell to use his 'distinguished influence to promote a peaceful settlement of the Sino-Indian boundary question.
Zhou Enlai tells Russell that the Chinese government will continue to strive 'for a peaceful settlement of the Sino-Indian boundary question'. He hopes Russell will use his distinguished influence to promote a peaceful settlement of the Sino-Indian boundary question.

Letter from Zhou Enlai to Bertrand Russell. 24.11.1962. [Extract].
Zhou Enlai states that the Chinese government hopes that the Indian government will be willing to change its past attitude and sincerely settle the Sino-Indian boundary question through friendly negotiations.
Zhou Enlai hopes that Russell will continue to use his distinguished influence to urge the Indian Government to respond positively to the Chinese governments.
Zhou Enlai welcomes Russell's support of the Chinese cease-fire proposal. He notes that the Indian government has repeatedly rejected any Chinese proposals, and hopes that the Indian government will be willing to change its past attitude and sincerely settle the Sino-Indian boundary question through friendly negotiations.

Letter from Bertrand Russell to Jawaharlal Nehru. Plas Penrhyn, 28. Dez. 1962.
Private & Confidential
Dear Mr. Nehru, Thank you for your letter of December 20. I find it extremely painful to be in any degree of disagreement with you. As for the material which caused my doubts, I had long interviews in London with your Deputy High Commissioner and, also, with the Chinese Chargé d'Affaires. It was quite impossible for me to know which of them, if either, was giving an accurate account of the matter. The only conclusions to which I was able to come from my talks with them supplemented by all the information that I could get hold of from the documents they each gave me as well as from other sources was that each side had a case and that it should be left to expert impartial examination to decide as to the justice of the rival claims.
Apart from the rights and wrongs of the original dispute, the Chinese unilateral cease-fire and withdrawal seemed to me a generous action showing a real desire for Peace. I thought that India should have given a more welcoming response to their gesture. I think, further, that the questions of who was the first aggressor and of which of two provisional lines should be adopted during negotiations, are less important than the grave dangers involved in a long war, and both India and China will be gravely to blame if they insist upon this or that provisional line as a condition for negotiations.
I have been alarmed by your public mention of a 'long war'. Such a war would be infinitely dangerous and can only be justified by considerations of 'honour' and 'prestige'. Whipping up of nationalist war-like feeling by professed disciples of Gandhi inevitably throws doubt upon the sincerity of Indian professions in past years.
It is very kind of you to offer to send me the correspondence between your Government and that of China, and, if you do so, I shall read it with the utmost care.
Yours sincerely, Bertrand Russell.

Lily Abegg reist in Süd-Vietman, Kambodscha, Thailand, Malaysia, Burma und Indien.

Jean-François Billeter studiert klassische chinesische Literatur an der Beijing-Universität.

Herbert Bräutigam promoviert in Sinologie am Institut für Orientforschung Berlin.

Käte Finsterbusch ist wissenschaftliche Assistentin am Sinologischen Seminar der Universität Heidelberg.

Wolfgang Franke ist Gastprofessor an der Universität Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

Martin Gimm ist Assistent am Ostasiatischen Seminar der Universität zu Köln.

Willy Kraus ist Gastprofessor an der Universität Kabul, Afghanistan.

Harro von Senger studiert Rechtswissenschaften und Sinologie an der Universität Zürich.

Rolf Trauzettel ist wissenschaftlicher Assistent am Seminar für Ostasiatische Kultur- und Sprachwissenschaft in München.